The austenitic ("18-8") stainless steels were developed as corrosion-resistant alloys. However, they possess excellent oxidation resistance and good creep strength at elevated temperatures, along with good cold formability and other properties in airframe and missile applications. They are used in sheet form for portions of the airframe having ambient temperatures too high for aluminum alloys and, with the development of sandwich structures, are gaining additional uses. These steels are also used extensively at cryogenic temperatures.
The two alloying elements in the austenitic stainless steels are chromium and nickel. Chromium adds corrosion and oxidation resistance and high-temperature strength, and nickel gives an austenitic structure, with its associated toughness and ductility. The AISI 300 series stainless steels constitute a wide variety of compositions designed for different applications. The basic grade, Type 302, contains 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel. Varying one or both of these elements creates special characteristics. Type 301 (17 percent chromium and 7 percent nickel) work hardens to very high strengths. Type 310 (25 percent chromium and 20 percent nickel) has higher elevated temperature strength and greater oxidation resistance than Type 302. Sulfur and selenium additions promote free machining. Low carbon and/or columbium or titanium additions minimize intergranular corrosion for elevated temperature applications and welded construction. The addition of molybdenum improves corrosion resistance in reducing environments and gives improved creep resistance over Type 302. The characteristics of some of the AISI 300 series stainless steels are presented in Table 2.7.0.1.
These alloys are not hardenable by heat treatment but can achieve high-strength levels through cold working. The strength imparted by cold working is decreased by exposure to temperatures above about 900°F.
| AISI | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| 301 | High work-hardening rate; applications requiring high strength and ductility. |
| 302 | Higher carbon modification of Type 304 for higher strength on cold rolling. |
| 303 | Free machining sulfur modification of Type 302. |
| 303Se | Free machining selenium modification of Type 302. |
| 304 | General purpose austenitic grade for enhanced corrosion resistance. |
| 304L | Low-carbon modification of Type 304 for welding applications. |
| 305 | Low work-hardening rate; spin forming and severe spin drawing operations. |
| 309 | High-temperature strength and oxidation resistance. |
| 309S | Low-carbon modification of Type 309 for welded construction. |
| 310 | High-temperature strength and oxidation resistance greater than Type 309. |
| 310S | Low-carbon modification of Type 310 for welded construction. |
| 314 | Increased oxidation resistance over Type 310. |
| 316 | Mo added to improve corrosion resistance in reducing environments; improved creep resistance over Type 302. |
| 316L | Low-carbon modification of Type 316 for welded construction. |
| 317 | Increased Mo to improve corrosion resistance over Type 316 in reducing media. |
| 321 | Titanium stabilized for service in 800 to 1600°F range and to minimize carbide precipitation when welding for resistance to intergranular corrosion. |
| 347 | Columbium stabilized for service in 800 to 1600°F range and to minimize carbide precipitation when welding for resistance to intergranular corrosion. |
Forging: The stainless steels have lower thermal conductivity than lower alloy steels and are susceptible to grain growth at forging temperatures. Hence, soaking times must be adequate to permit thorough heating of the billet but must be controlled carefully to limit grain growth when small reductions are involved during forging. At forging temperatures, the stainless steels are stronger than alloy steels, and forging must be conducted at higher temperatures and heavier forging equipment and more frequent reheating are required. The stainless steel billets forge much better when the surface is free of defects, and machine turning of the billets is advisable.
Cold Forming: Because of their austenitic structure at room temperature, the stainless steels have excellent ductility for cold-forming operations when in the annealed condition. These steels work harden rapidly, and intermediate anneals may be required in deep drawing.
Machining: The machining of the austenitic stainless steels is not difficult if proper steps are taken to combat the work-hardening tendencies of these steels. The use of heavy machines, slow speeds, deep cuts, and properly designed cutting tools with a fairly steep top rake produces the best results. Cold-worked material possesses somewhat better machinability than hot-finished, annealed material. These steels also are available in free-machining grades, containing sulfur or selenium.
Welding: The austenitic stainless steels can be welded by almost any usual technique except carbon arc, provided adequate steps are taken to prevent oxidation or carburization of the weldment. The stabilized grades are preferred for welded parts that are used in the as-welded condition under corrosive conditions. The free-machining grades are not recommended for welding. Filler rods should be the same composition, or slightly higher in alloy content, as the material to be welded. Special fluxes designed for use with stainless steels should be employed, except in atomic hydrogen or inert-gas-shielded arc welding. Spot and roll seam welding also are used to a considerable extent.
Brazing: Special techniques have been developed for silver-soldering and brazing these steels. Solders and fluxes especially designed should be used, surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned, and close control of temperature must be followed.
The austenitic stainless steels have excellent oxidation resistance at high temperatures, and their elevated-temperature service is usually limited by strength criteria. They also possess unusually good resistance to corrosion by most media. Prolonged exposure of the nonstabilized grades to temperatures between 700 and 1650°F makes them susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
Of the austenitic stainless steels, AISI 301 is the one most frequently used at high-strength levels in aircraft, mainly because of its greater work-hardening characteristics.
Type 301 is strengthened by cold working. If cold-worked Type 301 is subjected to temperatures above 900°F, its room-temperature strength is reduced.
Type 301 should not be used for extended periods at temperatures of 750 to 1650°F and should not be cooled slowly from higher temperatures through this range.
Material specifications for AISI 301 stainless steel are presented in Table 2.7.1.0(a). The room-temperature mechanical and physical properties for AISI 301 stainless steel are presented in Tables 2.7.1.0(b) and (c). The physical properties of this alloy at room and elevated temperatures are presented in Figure 2.7.1.0. Specifications for related 300 series alloys for which the properties are applicable are footnoted in Table 2.7.1.0(b).
| Specification | Form |
|---|---|
| AMS 5517 | Sheet and strip |
| AMS 5518 | Sheet and strip |
| AMS 5519 | Sheet and strip |
| AMS 5901 | Plate, sheet, and strip |
| AMS 5902 | Sheet and strip |
| Specification | AMS 5901 | AMS 5517 | AMS 5518 | AMS 5902 | AMS 5519 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Sheet and strip | ||||||||
| Condition | Annealed | ¼ Hard | ½ Hard | ¾ Hard | Full Hard | ||||
| Thickness, in. | ≤0.187 | … | … | … | … | ||||
| Basis | S | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B |
| Mechanical Properties: | |||||||||
| Ftu, ksi: | |||||||||
| L | 73 | 124 | 129 | 141 | 151 | 157 | 168 | 174 | 185 |
| LT | 75 | 122 | 127 | 142 | 152 | 163 | 173 | 175 | 186 |
| Fty, ksi: | |||||||||
| L | 26 | 69 | 83 | 93 | 110 | 118 | 135 | 137 | 153 |
| LT | 30 | 67 | 82 | 92 | 105 | 113 | 133 | 125 | 142 |
| Fcy, ksi: | |||||||||
| L | 23 | 44 | 54 | 61 | 69 | 75 | 88 | 83 | 94 |
| LT | 29 | 71 | 88 | 100 | 116 | 127 | 152 | 142 | 164 |
| Fsu, ksi | 50 | 66 | 69 | 77 | 82 | 88 | 93 | 95 | 100 |
| Fbru, ksi: | |||||||||
| (e/D = 1.5) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| (e/D = 2.0) | 162 | 262 | 273 | 292 | 310 | 327 | 342 | 346 | 361 |
| Fbry, ksi: | |||||||||
| (e/D = 1.5) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| (e/D = 2.0) | 55 | 123 | 149 | 167 | 189 | 202 | 234 | 222 | 249 |
| e, percent (S basis): | |||||||||
| LT | 40 | 25 | … | d | … | d | … | d | … |
| E, 103 ksi: | |||||||||
| L | 29.0 | 27.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | ||||
| LT | 29.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | ||||
| Ec, 103 ksi: | |||||||||
| L | 28.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | ||||
| LT | 28.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | ||||
| G, 103 ksi | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | ||||
| μ | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | ||||
| Physical Properties: | |||||||||
| ω, lb/in.3 | 0.286 | ||||||||
| C, K, and α | See Figure 2.7.1.0 | ||||||||
| a Properties also applicable to AISI 302 for the following: AMS 5516 for annealed condition, AMS 5903 for 1/4H condition, AMS 5904 for 1/2H condition, AMS 5905 for 3/4H condition, and AMS 5906 for full hard condition. | |||||||||
| b Properties also applicable to AISI 304 for the following: AMS 5513 for annealed condition, AMS 5910 for 1/4H condition, AMS 5911 for 1/2H condition, AMS 5912 for 3/4H condition, and AMS 5913 for full hard condition. | |||||||||
| c Properties also applicable to AISI 316 for the following: AMS 5524 for annealed condition and AMS 5907 for 1/4H condition. | |||||||||
| d See Table 2.7.1.0(c). | |||||||||
| Condition | Thickness, inches | Elongation (LT), percent |
|---|---|---|
| ½ hard | 0.015 and under | 15 |
| 0.016 and over | 18 | |
| ¾ hard | 0.030 and under | 10 |
| 0.031 and over | 12 | |
| Full hard | 0.015 and under | 8 |
| 0.016 and over | 9 |
K — At indicated Temperature.
C — At indicated Temperature.
α — Between 70°F and indicated Temperature.
Figure 2.7.1.0. Effect of temperature on the physical properties of AISI 301 stainless steel.
Elevated temperature curves for tensile yield and ultimate strengths are presented in Figures 2.7.1.1.1(a) and (b).
Figure 2.7.1.1.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of AISI 301, 302, 304, 304L, 321, and 347 annealed stainless steel.
Figure 2.7.1.1.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of AISI 301, 302, 304, 304L, 321, and 347 annealed stainless steel.
Typical room-temperature stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves are presented in Figures 2.7.1.2.6(a) and (b).
Figure 2.7.1.2.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for AISI 301 ¼-hard stainless steel sheet.
Compressive Tangent Modulus
Figure 2.7.1.2.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves at room temperature for AISI 301 ¼-hard stainless steel sheet.
Elevated temperature curves for various mechanical properties are presented in Figures 2.7.1.3.1 through 2.7.1.3.4. Typical stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves are presented in Figures 2.7.1.3.6(a) and (b).
Figure 2.7.1.3.1. Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) and the tensile yield strength (Fty) of AISI 301 ½-hard stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.3.2. Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) and the shear ultimate strength (Fsu) of AISI 301 ½-hard stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.3.3. Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru) and the bearing yield strength (Fbry) of AISI 301 ½-hard stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.3.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and Ec) of AISI 301 ½-hard stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.3.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for AISI 301 ½-hard stainless steel sheet.
Compressive Tangent Modulus
Figure 2.7.1.3.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves at room temperature for AISI 301 ½-hard stainless steel sheet.
Typical room-temperature stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves are presented in Figures 2.7.1.4.6(a) and (b).
Figure 2.7.1.4.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for AISI 301 ¾-hard stainless steel sheet.
Compressive Tangent Modulus
Figure 2.7.1.4.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves at room temperature for AISI 301 ¾-hard stainless steel sheet.
The full-hard condition is a standard AISI temper and is developed by cold rolling 40 to 50 percent. Elevated temperature curves for various mechanical properties are presented in Figures 2.7.1.5.1 through 2.7.1.5.4. Tensile and compressive stress-strain as well as tangent-modulus curves at room temperature and several elevated temperatures are presented in Figures 2.7.1.5.6(a) through (d).
Figure 2.7.1.5.1. Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) and the tensile yield strength (Fty) of AISI 301 full-hard stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.5.2(a). Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) of AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.5.2(b). Effect of temperature on the ultimate shear strength (Fsu) of AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.5.3. Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru) and the bearing yield strength (Fbry) of AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.5.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and Ec) of AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.5.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures for AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Figure 2.7.1.5.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures for AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Compressive Tangent Modulus
Figure 2.7.1.5.6(c). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures for AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.
Compressive Tangent Modulus
Figure 2.7.1.5.6(d). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures for AISI 301 (full-hard) stainless steel sheet.