Propylene glycol frost protection is defined by three distinct temperatures, each more conservative than the last:
Freezing Point (ASTM D 1177) — the temperature at which the first ice crystals form. Below this point the mixture is a slush of ice and liquid that still flows without expanding, so pipes are not yet at risk.
Protection Temperature (DIN 51583) — the temperature at which the fluid stops flowing and circuit integrity is at risk. This is the threshold engineers use to size freeze protection.
Burst Temperature — the limit below which pipe or component failure from expansion pressure becomes likely.
The protection temperature — not the freezing point — should be used when selecting a glycol concentration for a given design low temperature. For example, a system designed for a minimum ambient of 14 °F (−10 °C) requires approximately 30% V/V propylene glycol to maintain flow. Using the freezing point instead would underestimate the required concentration and leave the system vulnerable.
Note: Higher glycol concentrations reduce heat transfer performance. Avoid over-concentrating beyond what frost protection requires.