KasperCalc: MIL-HDBK-5 3.2 2000 Series Wrought Alloys

Aluminum Alloy Index

•Aluminum Alloy Index 3.1General 3.22000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.2.12014 Alloy 3.2.22017 Alloy 3.2.32024 Alloy 3.2.42025 Alloy 3.2.52026 Alloy 3.2.62090 Alloy 3.2.72124 Alloy 3.2.82219 Alloy 3.2.92297 Alloy 3.2.102424 Alloy 3.2.112519 Alloy 3.2.122524 Alloy 3.2.132618 Alloy 3.55000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.5.15052 Alloy 3.5.25083 Alloy 3.5.35086 Alloy 3.5.45454 Alloy 3.5.55456 Alloy 3.66000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.6.16013 Alloy 3.6.26061 Alloy 3.6.36151 Alloy 3.77000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.7.17010 Alloy 3.7.27040 Alloy 3.7.37049/7149 Alloy 3.7.47050 Alloy 3.7.57055 Alloy 3.7.67075 Alloy 3.7.77150 Alloy 3.7.87175 Alloy 3.7.97249 Alloy 3.7.107475 Alloy 3.8200.0 Series Cast Alloys 3.8.1A201.0 Alloy 3.9300.0 Series Cast Alloys 3.9.1354.0 Alloy 3.9.2355.0 Alloy 3.9.3C355.0 Alloy 3.9.4356.0 Alloy 3.9.5A356.0 Alloy 3.9.6A357.0 Alloy 3.9.7D357.0 Alloy 3.9.8359.0 Alloy 3.10Element Properties

Chapter 3.2 Contents

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Chapter 1 — General Chapter 2 — Steel Chapter 3 — Aluminum 3.1 — General 3.2 — 2000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.5 — 5000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.6 — 6000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.7 — 7000 Series Wrought Alloys 3.8 — 200.0 Series Cast Alloys 3.9 — 300.0 Series Cast Alloys 3.10 — Element Properties Chapter 4 — Magnesium

Disclaimer

For reference use only. The formulas, graphs, and values herein are provided in good faith for general engineering guidance. Please verify all data against MIL-HDBK-5J or the applicable superseding document (MMPDS).

Table of Tables

Table of Figures

Table of Figures (cont.)

3.22000 Series Wrought Alloys

Alloys of the 2000 series contain copper as the principal alloying element and are strengthened by solution heat treatment and aging. As a group, these alloys are noteworthy for their excellent strengths at elevated and cryogenic temperatures, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures.

3.2.12014 Alloy

3.2.1.0Comments and Properties

2014 is an Al-Cu alloy available in a wide variety of product forms. As shown in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a), 2014-T6 rolled plate, rod and bar, extruded shapes, and forgings have a "D" SCC (stress-corrosion cracking) rating — the lowest rating, meaning SCC failures have occurred in service or would be anticipated under any sustained stress. In-service failures are caused by stresses produced by any combination of sources including solution heat treatment, straightening, forming, fit-up, clamping, sustained service loads, or high service compression stresses that produce residual tensile stresses. These stresses may be tension or compression, as well as stresses due to the Poisson effect, because the actual failures are caused by the resulting sustained shear stresses. Pin-hole flaws in corrosion protection are sufficient for SCC. See Section 3.1.2.3 for comments on the alloy's SCC resistance, and Section 3.1.3.4 for comments on its weldability.

The properties of extrusions should be based upon the thickness at the time of quenching prior to machining. Selecting mechanical properties based on final machined thickness may be unconservative; the thickness at the time of quenching is an important factor in selecting the proper thickness column. For extrusions with sections of various thicknesses, the properties should be considered as a function of thickness.

Material specifications for 2014 aluminum alloy are presented in Table 3.2.1.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Tables 3.2.1.0(b) through (g). Stress-strain parameters in accordance with Section 9.3.2.5 are given in Table 3.2.1.0(h). Figure 3.2.1.0 shows the effect of temperature on the physical properties of 2014 alloy.

Table 3.2.1.0(a). Material Specifications for 2014 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4028	Bare sheet and plate
AMS 4029	Bare sheet and plate
AMS-QQ-A-250/3	Clad sheet and plate
AMS-QQ-A-225/4	Rolled or drawn bar, rod, and shapes
AMS 4121	Bar and rod, rolled or cold finished
AMS-QQ-A-200/2	Extruded bar, rod, and shapes
AMS 4153	Extrusion
AMS-A-22771	Forging
AMS-QQ-A-367	Forging
AMS 4133	Forging

Table 3.2.1.0(b₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2014 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate
Specification	AMS 4029
Form	Sheet				Plate
Temper	T6				T651^a
Thickness, in.	0.020-0.039		0.040-0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000		1.001-2.000		2.001-2.500		2.501-3.000		3.001-4.000
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	65	67	67	68	66	68	66	67	66	67	64	65	···	···	···	···
LT	64	66	66	67	67	69	67	68	67	68	65^b	66^b	63	64	59	60
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	59^b	60^b	···	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	58	60	59	60	60	62	60	61	60	62	59	61	···	···	···	···
LT	57	59	58	59	59	61	59	60	59	61	58^b	60^b	57	59	55	57
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	54^b	56^b	···	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	58	60	59	60	58	60	58	59	58	60	57	59	···	···	···	···
LT	59	61	60	61	61	63	61	62	61	63	60	62	···	···	···	···
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	59	61	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	39	40	40	41	40	41	40	41	40	41	38	39	···	···	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	97	100	100	102	105	108	105	107	105	107	102	104	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	123	127	127	129	134	138	134	136	134	136	130	132	···	···	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	81	84	83	84	90	93	90	92	90	93	88	92	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	93	96	94	96	106	110	106	109	106	110	104	109	···	···	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	6	···	7	···	7	···	6	···	4	···	2	···	2	···	1	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.5				10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7				10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0				4.0
μ	0.33				0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.1.0
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^b Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).

Table 3.2.1.0(b₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2014 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Continued
Specification	AMS 4028
Form	Sheet				Plate^a
Temper	T62^b
Thickness, in.	0.020-0.039		0.040-0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	65	67	67	68	65	67	65	67
LT	64	66	66	67	67	69	67	69
F_ty, ksi:
L	58	60	59	60	57	59	57	59
LT	57	59	58	59	59	61	59	61
F_cy, ksi:
L	58	60	59	60	59	61	59	61
LT	59	61	60	61	60	62	60	62
F_su, ksi	39	40	40	41	37	39	37	39
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	97	100	100	102	100	103	100	103
(e/D = 2.0)	123	127	127	129	127	131	127	131
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	81	84	83	84	84	87	84	87
(e/D = 2.0)	93	96	95	96	99	103	99	103
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	6	···	7	···	7	···	6	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.5				10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7				10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0				4.0
μ	0.33				0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.1.0
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^b Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by the user may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.

Table 3.2.1.0(c₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2014 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/3
Form	Sheet				Plate
Temper	T6				T651^a
Thickness, in.	0.020-0.039		0.040-0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000^b		1.001-2.000^b		2.001-2.500^b		2.501-3.000^b		3.001-4.000^b
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	64	65	67	63	65	63	64	63	64	61	62	···	···	···	···
LT	61	63	64	66	64	66	64	65	64	65	62	63	60	61	56	57
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	59^c	60^c	···	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	54	56	57	59	58	60	57	58	57	59	56	58	···	···	···	···
LT	53	55	56	58	57	59	56	57	56	58	55	57	54	56	52	54
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	54^c	56^c	···	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	54	56	57	59	56	58	55	56	55	57	54	56	···	···	···	···
LT	55	57	58	60	59	61	58	59	58	60	57	59	···	···	···	···
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	59	61	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	37	38	39	40	38	39	38	38	38	38	37	37	···	···	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	93	96	97	100	101	104	101	102	101	102	97	99	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	117	121	123	127	128	132	128	130	128	130	124	126	···	···	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	76	78	80	83	87	90	85	87	85	88	84	87	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	86	89	91	94	102	106	100	102	100	104	98	102	···	···	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	7	···	8	···	8	···	6	···	4	···	2	···	2	···	1	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.5				10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7				10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0				4.0
μ	0.33				0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	···
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^b These values, except in the ST direction, have been adjusted to represent the average properties across the whole section, including the 2-½ percent per side nominal cladding thickness.
^c Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).

Table 3.2.1.0(c₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2014 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Continued
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/3
Form	Sheet				Plate^a
Temper	T62^b
Thickness, in.	0.020-0.039		0.040-0.249		0.250-0.499	0.500-1.000^c	1.001-2.000^c	2.001-2.500^c	2.501-3.000^c	3.001-4.000^c
Basis	A	B	A	B	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	64	65	67	62	62	62	60	···	···
LT	61	63	64	66	64	64	64	62	60	56
F_ty, ksi:
L	54	56	57	59	55	54	54	53	···	···
LT	53	55	56	58	57	56	56	55	54	52
F_cy, ksi:
L	54	56	57	59	57	56	56	55	···	···
LT	55	57	58	60	58	57	56	55	···	···
F_su, ksi	37	38	39	40	36	36	36	35	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	93	96	97	100	96	96	96	93	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	117	121	123	127	121	121	121	118	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	76	78	80	83	81	79	79	78	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	86	89	91	94	96	94	94	92	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	7	···	8	···	8	6	4	2	2	1
E, 10³ ksi	10.5				10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7				10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0				4.0
μ	0.33				0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	···
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^b Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by the user may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^c These values have been adjusted to represent the average properties across the whole section, including the 2-½ percent per side nominal cladding thickness.

Table 3.2.1.0(d). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2014 Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Shapes; Rolled, Drawn, or Cold-Finished
Specification	AMS 4121 and AMS-QQ-A-225/4							AMS-QQ-A-225/4
Form	Bar, rod, and shapes, rolled, drawn, or cold-finished
Temper	T6 and T651							T62^a
Thickness, in.	Up to 1.000	1.001-2.000	2.001-3.000	3.001-4.000	4.001-5.000^b	5.001-6.000^b	6.001-8.000^b	≤8.000^b
Basis	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	65	65	65	65	65	65	65	65
LT	64^c	63^c	62^c	61^c	60^c	59^c	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	55	55	55	55	55	55	55	55
LT	53^c	52^c	51^c	50^c	49^c	48^c	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	53	53	53	53	53	53	53	···
LT	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	98	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	124	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	77	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	88	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
e, percent:
L	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	8
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.1.0
^a Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers.
^b For square, rectangular, hexagonal, or octagonal bar, maximum thickness is 4 in., and maximum cross-sectional area is 36 sq. in.
^c Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).

Table 3.2.1.0(e). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2014 Aluminum Alloy Die Forging
Specification	AMS 4133, AMS-A-22771, and AMS-QQ-A-367							AMS-A-22771 and AMS-QQ-A-367
Form	Die forging
Temper	T6^a							T652
Thickness^b, in.	≤1.000		1.001-2.000		2.001-3.000		3.001-4.000	≤1.000		1.001-2.000		2.001-3.000		3.001-4.000
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	S	A	B	A	B	A	B	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	65	67	65	67	65	67	63	65	67	65	67	65	67	63
T^c	64^d	···	64^d	···	63^d	···	63	64^d	···	64^d	···	63^d	···	63
F_ty, ksi:
L	56	59	56	59	55	58	55	56	59	56	59	55	58	55
T^c	55^d	···	55^d	···	54^d	···	54	55^d	···	55^d	···	54^d	···	54
F_cy, ksi:
L	59	62	59	62	58	61	58	56	59	56	59	55	58	55
ST	56	59	56	59	55	58	55	59	62	59	62	58	61	58
F_su, ksi	40	41	40	41	39	40	39	40	41	40	41	39	40	39
F_bru^e, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	91	94	91	94	91	94	88	91	94	91	94	91	94	88
(e/D = 2.0)	123	127	123	127	123	127	120	123	127	123	127	123	127	120
F_bry^e, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	73	77	73	77	71	75	71	73	77	73	77	71	75	71
(e/D = 2.0)	90	94	90	94	88	93	88	90	94	90	94	88	93	88
e, percent (S-basis):
L	6	···	6	···	6	···	6	6	···	6	···	6	···	6
T^c	3	···	2	···	2	···	2	3	···	2	···	2	···	2
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.1.0
^a When die forgings are machined before heat treatment, the mechanical properties are applicable, provided the as-forged thickness is not greater than twice the thickness at the time of heat treatment.
^b Thickness at time of heat treatment.
^c T indicates any grain direction not within ±15° of being parallel to the forging flow lines. F_cy(T) values are based upon short transverse (ST) test data.
^d Specification value. T tensile properties are presented on S basis only.
^e Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Table 3.2.1.0(f). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2014 Aluminum Alloy Hand Forging
Specification	AMS 4133, AMS-A-22771, and AMS-QQ-A-367							AMS-A-22771 and AMS-QQ-A-367
Form	Hand forging
Temper	T6^a							T652^b
Cross-Sectional Area, in.²	≤256
Thickness, in.	≤2.000	2.001-3.000	3.001-4.000	4.001-5.000	5.001-6.000	6.001-7.000	7.001-8.000	≤2.000	2.001-3.000	3.001-4.000	4.001-5.000	5.001-6.000	6.001-7.000	7.001-8.000
Basis	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	65	64	63	62	61	60	59	65	64	63	62	61	60	59
LT	65	64	63	62	61	60	59	65	64	63	62	61	60	59
ST	···	62^c	61^c	60^c	59^c	58^c	57^c	···	62^c	61^c	60^c	59^c	58^c	57^c
F_ty, ksi:
L	56	56	55	54	53	52	51	56	56	55	54	53	52	51
LT	56	55	55	54	53	52	51	56	55	55	54	53	52	51
ST	···	55^c	54^c	53^c	53^c	52^c	51^c	···	52^c	51^c	50^c	50^c	49^c	48^c
F_cy, ksi:
L	56	56	55	54	53	···	···	56	56	55	54	53	···	···
LT	56	55	55	54	53	···	···	57	56	56	55	54	···	···
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	57	56	56	55	···	···
F_su, ksi	40	39	39	38	38	···	···	38	37	37	36	36	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	91	90	88	87	85	···	···	88	87	85	84	83	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	117	115	113	112	110	···	···	115	113	111	110	108	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	78	78	77	76	74	···	···	77	76	76	74	73	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	90	90	88	87	85	···	···	91	89	89	87	86	···	···
e, percent:
L	8	8	8	7	7	6	6	8	8	8	7	7	6	6
LT	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	2
ST	···	2	2	1	1	1	1	···	2	2	1	1	1	1
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.1.0
^a When hand forgings are machined before heat treatment, the section thickness at time of heat treatment will determine the minimum mechanical properties as long as the original (as-forged) thickness does not exceed the maximum thickness for the alloy as shown in the table.
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^c Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).

Table 3.2.1.0(g). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2014 Aluminum Alloy Extrusion
Specification	AMS 4153 and AMS-QQ-A-200/2											AMS-QQ-A-200/2
Form	Extruded bar, rod, and shapes
Temper	T6, T6510, and T6511											T62^a
Cross-Sectional Area, in.²	≤25										>25-≤32	All	≤25	>25-≤32
Thickness or Dia., in.^b	0.125-0.499		0.500-0.749		0.750-1.499		1.500-1.750		1.751-2.999	3.000-4.499	≥0.750	≤0.749	≥0.750	≥0.750
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	60	62	64	68	68	70	68	71	68	68	68	60	60	60
LT (S-basis)	60^c	···	64^c	···	63^c	···	61^c	···	61	58	56	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	53	57	58	62	60	63	60	63	60	60	58	53	53	53
LT (S-basis)	53^c	···	55^c	···	54^c	···	52^c	···	52	49	47	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	52	56	57	61	59	62	59	62	···	···	···	···	···	···
LT	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	35	36	37	39	39	41	39	41	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bru^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	90	93	96	102	102	105	102	106	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	116	120	124	132	132	136	132	138	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bry^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	73	78	80	85	82	86	82	86	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	85	91	93	99	96	101	96	101	···	···	···	···	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
L	7	···	7	···	7	···	7	···	7	7	6	7	7	6
LT	5^e	···	5	···	2	···	2	···	2	1	1	···	···	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.8
E_c, 10³ ksi	11.0
G, 10³ ksi	4.1
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.1.0
^a Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers.
^b The mechanical properties are to be based upon the thickness at the time of quench.
^c S-basis.
^d Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^e For 0.375-0.499 in.

Table 3.2.1.0(h). Typical Stress-Strain Parameters for 2014 Aluminum Alloy
Temper/Product Form	Condition	Temperature, °F	Grain Direction	Tension, ksi			Compression, ksi
Temper/Product Form	Condition	Temperature, °F	Grain Direction	n	TYS	TUS	n_c	CYS
T6 Clad Sheet	0.02-0.039 in. thickness	RT	L	32	57	···	17	57
	0.02-0.039 in. thickness		LT	17	57	···	13	60
	0.04-0.249 in. thickness		L	27	62	···	15	62
	0.04-0.249 in. thickness		LT	20	60	···	17	65
	½ hr. exposure	200°F	LT	···	···	···	9.5	60
	100 hr. exposure	200°F		···	···	···	8.0	62
	½ and 2 hr. exposure	300°F		···	···	···	4.0	54
	1000 hr. exposure	300°F		···	···	···	6.4	46
	½ hr. exposure	400°F		···	···	···	8.2	47
	100 hr. exposure			···	···	···	10	20
	1000 hr. exposure			···	···	···	6.0	16
	½ hr. exposure	500°F		···	···	···	7.0	22
	½ hr. exposure	600°F		···	···	···	4.3	9
	10 hr. exposure			···	···	···	6.0	8
	100 hr. exposure			···	···	···	13	7
T62 Clad Plate	0.250 - 2.000 in. thickness	RT	L	29	64	···	27	69
T62 Clad Plate	0.250 - 2.000 in. thickness	RT	LT	29	64	···	27	70
T651 Plate	0.250 - 2.000 in. thickness	RT	L	30	66	···	15	68
T651 Plate	0.250 - 2.000 in. thickness	RT	LT	19	65	···	18	66
T6 Bar, Rod and Shapes	> 3 in. thickness	RT	L	31	62	···	25	60
T6 Forging		RT	L	···	···	70	···	···
T6 Forging		RT	LT	···	···	68	···	···
T652 Hand Forging	2.001 - 3.000 in. thickness	RT	L	18	62	67	17	63
			LT	18	62	66	18	65
			ST	13	60	···	22	67
T6 Extrusion	0.125 - 0.499 in. thickness	RT	L	23	62	···	15	64
T6 Extrusion	> 0.500 in. thickness	RT	L	26	68	···	14	72
T62 Extrusion	< 0.499 in. thickness	RT	L	29	64	71	17	68
T62 Extrusion	< 0.499 in. thickness	RT	LT	29	64	···	32	68
T651X Extrusion	0.500 - 0.749 in. thickness	RT	L	32	64	74	16	68
T651X Extrusion	0.500 - 0.749 in. thickness	RT	LT	18	64	70	18	68

Figure 3.2.1.0. Effect of temperature on the physical properties of 2014 aluminum alloy.

3.2.1.1T6, T62, T651, T652, T6510, and T6511 Temper

Figures 3.2.1.1.1(a) through 3.2.1.1.5(b) present elevated-temperature curves for various mechanical properties. Figures 3.2.1.1.6(a) through (r) present tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for various tempers, product forms, and temperatures. Figures 3.2.1.1.6(s) through (v) are full-range tensile stress-strain curves for various products and tempers. Figures 3.2.1.1.8(a) through (e) contain S/N fatigue curves for various wrought products in the T6 temper.

Figures 3.2.1.1.1–3.2.1.1.8 (elevated-temperature, stress-strain, tangent-modulus, and S/N fatigue curves for the T6-family tempers) pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer (MIL-HDBK-5J pp. 3-34–3-64 approx.).

3.2.22017 Alloy

3.2.2.0Comments and Properties

2017 is a heat-treatable Al-Cu alloy available in the form of rolled bar, rod, and wire, and is used principally for fasteners. Refer to Section 3.1.3.4 for comments regarding the weldability of the alloy.

A material specification for 2017 aluminum alloy is presented in Table 3.2.2.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.2.0(b). Figure 3.2.2.0 shows the effect of temperature on thermal expansion.

Table 3.2.2.0(a). Material Specifications for 2017 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS-QQ-A-225/5	Rolled bar and rod
AMS 4118	Bar and rod, rolled or cold-finished

Table 3.2.2.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2017 Aluminum Alloy Bar and Rod; Rolled, Drawn, or Cold-Finished
Specification	AMS 4118 and AMS-QQ-A-225/5
Form	Bar and rod; rolled, drawn, or cold-finished
Temper	T4, T451, T42^a
Cross-Sectional Area, in.²	≤50
Thickness or Diameter, in.	≤8.000
Basis	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	55
LT	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	32
LT	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	32^b
LT	···
F_su, ksi	33
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	83
(e/D = 2.0)	105
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	45
(e/D = 2.0)	51
e, percent (S-basis):
L	12
E, 10³ ksi	10.4
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.6
G, 10³ ksi	3.95
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	0.23 (at 212°F)
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	78 (at 77°F)
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	See Figure 3.2.2.0
^a Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing T4 material and from testing samples of bar and rod, supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to T42 temper to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers.
^b For the stress-relieved temper T451, the F_cy value may be somewhat lower.

Figure 3.2.2.0 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.2.0. Effect of temperature on the thermal expansion of 2017 aluminum alloy.

The temper index for 2017 is as follows:

Temper Index for 2017 Aluminum Alloy
Section	Temper
3.2.2.1	T4, T451, and T42

3.2.2.1T4, T451, and T42 Temper

The effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity is presented in Figure 3.2.2.1.4.

Figure 3.2.2.1.4 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.2.1.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compression moduli (E and Ec) of 2017 aluminum alloy.

3.2.32024 Alloy

3.2.3.0Comments and Properties

2024 is a heat-treatable Al-Cu alloy which is available in a wide variety of product forms and tempers. The properties vary markedly with temper; those in T3 and T4 type tempers are noteworthy for their high toughness, while T6 and T8 type tempers have very high strength. This alloy has excellent properties and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. The T6 and T8 type tempers have very high resistance to corrosion. However, as shown in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a), 2024-T3, -T4, and -T42 rolled plate, rod and bar, and extruded shapes and 2024-T6 and -T62 forgings have a “D” SCC rating. This is the lowest rating and means that SCC failures have occurred in service or would be anticipated if there is any sustained stress. In-service failures are caused by stresses produced by any combination of sources including solution heat treatment, straightening, forming, fit-up, clamping, sustained service loads or high service compression stresses that produce residual tensile stresses. These stresses may be tension or compression as well as the stresses due to the Poisson effect, because the actual failures are caused by the resulting sustained shear stresses. Pin-hole flaws in corrosion protection are sufficient for SCC. The weldability of the alloy is discussed in Section 3.1.3.4.

The properties of extrusions should be based upon the thickness at the time of quenching prior to machining. Selection of the mechanical properties based upon its final machined thickness may be unconservative; therefore, the thickness at the time of quenching to achieve properties is an important factor in the selection of the proper thickness column. For extrusions having sections with various thicknesses, consideration should be given to the properties as a function of thickness.

Material specifications for 2024 are presented in Table 3.2.3.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical properties are shown in Tables 3.2.3.0(b) through (j2). The effect of temperature on the physical properties of this alloy is shown in Figure 3.2.3.0.

Table 3.2.3.0(a). Material Specifications for 2024 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4037	Bare sheet and plate
AMS 4035	Bare sheet and plate
AMS-QQ-A-250/4	Bare sheet and plate
AMS-QQ-A-250/5	Clad sheet and plate
AMS 4120	Bar and rod, rolled or cold-finished
AMS-QQ-A-225/6	Rolled or drawn bar, rod, and wire
AMS 4086	Tubing, hydraulic, seamless, drawn
AMS-WW-T-700/3	Tubing
AMS 4152	Extrusion
AMS 4164	Extrusion
AMS 4165	Extrusion
AMS-QQ-A-200/3	Extruded bar, rod, and shapes

Table 3.2.3.0(b₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate
Specification	AMS 4037 and AMS-QQ-A-250/4																	AMS-QQ-A-250/4
Form	Sheet					Plate												Sheet		Plate
Temper	T3					T351												T361
Thickness, in.	0.008-0.009	0.010-0.128		0.129-0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000		1.001-1.500		1.501-2.000		2.001-3.000		3.001-4.000		0.020-0.062	0.063-0.249	0.250-0.500
Basis	S	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	64	64	65	65	66	64	66	63	65	62	64	62	64	60	62	57	59	68	69	67
LT	63	63	64	64	65	64	66	63	65	62	64	62	64	60	62	57	59	67	68	66
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	52^a	54^a	49^a	51^a	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	47	47	48	47	48	48	50	48	50	47	50	47	49	46	48	43	46	56	56	54
LT	42	42	43	42	43	42	44	42	44	42	44	42	44	42	44	41	43	50	51	49
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	38^a	40^a	38^a	39^a	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	39	39	40	39	40	39	41	39	41	39	40	38	40	37	39	35	37	47	48	46
LT	45	45	46	45	46	45	47	45	47	44	46	44	46	43	45	41	43	53	54	52
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	46	48	44	47	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	39	39	40	40	41	38	39	37	38	37	38	37	38	35	37	34	35	42	42	41
F_bru^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	104	104	106	106	107	97	100	95	98	94	97	94	97	91	94	86	89	111	112	109
(e/D = 2.0)	129	129	131	131	133	119	122	117	120	115	119	115	119	111	115	106	109	137	139	135
F_bry^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	73	73	75	73	75	72	76	72	76	72	76	72	76	72	76	70	74	82	84	81
(e/D = 2.0)	88	88	90	88	90	86	90	86	90	86	90	86	90	86	90	84	88	97	99	96
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	10	^c		^c		12	···	8	···	7	···	6	···	4	···	4	···	8	9	9^d
E, 10³ ksi	10.5					10.7												10.5		10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7					10.9												10.7		10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0					4.0												4.0		4.0
μ	0.33					0.33												0.33		0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.	0.100
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^c See Table 3.2.3.0(c).
^d 10% for 0.500 inch.

Table 3.2.3.0(b₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Continued
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/4		AMS 4035 and AMS-QQ-A-250/4					AMS-QQ-A-250/4
Form	Coiled Sheet		Flat Sheet and Plate
Temper	T4		T42^a					T62^a				T72^a
Thickness, in.	0.010-0.249		0.010-0.249	0.250-0.499	0.500-1.000	1.001-2.000	2.001-3.000	0.010-0.249	0.250-0.499	0.500-2.000	2.001-3.000	0.010-0.249
Basis	A	B	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	64	62	62	61	60	···	63	63	63	···	···
LT	62	64	62	62	61	60	58	64	64	63	63	60
F_ty, ksi:
L	40	42	38	38	38	38	···	50	50	50	···	···
LT	40	42	38	38	38	38	38	50	50	50	50	46
F_cy, ksi:
L	40	42	42	42	40	37	···	52	52	52	···	···
LT	40	42	41	41	41	41	···	53	52	48	···	···
F_su, ksi	37	38	37	37	36	36	···	38	38	37	···	···
F_bru^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	93	96	99	98	94	85^c	···	103	103	102^c	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	118	122	123	123	121	119^c	···	134	134	132^c	···	···
F_bry^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	56	59	67	67	67	67^c	···	80	80	80^c	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	64	67	80	80	80	80^c	···	95	95	95^c	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	^d	···	^d	12	8	^d	4	5	5	5	5	5
E, 10³ ksi	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
E_c, 10³ ksi	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
G, 10³ ksi	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
μ	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	See Figure 3.2.3.0
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	71 (at 77°F) for T4X and 87 (at 77°F) for T6X, T7X, See Figure 3.2.3.0
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a Design allowables in some cases were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by the user may be different than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^c See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^d See Table 3.2.3.0(c).

Table 3.2.3.0(b₃). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Concluded
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/4
Form	Sheet		Plate				Sheet		Plate
Temper	T81		T851				T861
Thickness, in.	0.010-0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000	1.001-1.499	0.020-0.062	0.063-0.249	0.250-0.500
Basis	A	B	A	B	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	67	68	67	68	66	66	71	72	70
LT	67	68	67	68	66	66	70	71	70
F_ty, ksi:
L	59	61	58	60	58	57	63	67	64
LT	58	60	58	60	58	57	62	66	64
F_cy, ksi:
L	59	61	58	60	58	56	63	67	64
LT	58	60	59	61	58	57	65	69	67
F_su, ksi	40	41	38	39	37	37	40	40	40
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	100	102	102	103	100	100^b	108	110	108
(e/D = 2.0)	127	129	131	133	129	129^b	140	142	140
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	83	86	86	89	86	85^b	90	96	93
(e/D = 2.0)	94	97	101	105	101	99^b	105	112	109
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	5	···	5	···	5	5	3	4	4
E, 10³ ksi	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
E_c, 10³ ksi	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
G, 10³ ksi	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
μ	See Table 3.2.3.0(d)
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	See Figure 3.2.3.0
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	87 (at 77°F)
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^b See Table 3.1.2.1.1.

Table 3.2.3.0(c). Minimum Elongation Values for Bare 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate (T3, T4, and T42)
Thickness, in.	Elongation (LT), percent
0.010–0.020	12
0.021–0.249	15
0.250–0.499	12
0.500–1.000	8
1.001–1.500	7
1.501–2.000	6

Table 3.2.3.0(d). Modulus Values and Poisson's Ratio for Bare 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate, All Tempers
Thickness, in.	E, 10³ ksi	Ec, 10³ ksi	G, 10³ ksi	μ
0.010–0.249	10.5	10.7	4.0	0.33
0.250 and over	10.7	10.9	4.0	0.33

Table 3.2.3.0(e₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/5
Form	Flat sheet and plate
Temper	T3								T351
Thickness, in.	0.008-0.009		0.010-0.062		0.063-0.128		0.129-0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000^a		1.001-1.500^a		1.501-2.000^a		2.001-3.000^a		3.001-4.000^a
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	59	60	60	61	62	63	63	64	62	64	61	63	60	62	60	62	58	60	55	57
LT	58	59	59	60	61	62	62	63	62	64	61	63	60	62	60	62	58	60	55	57
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	52^b	54^b	49^b	51^b
F_ty, ksi:
L	44	45	44	45	45	47	45	47	46	48	45	48	45	48	45	47	44	46	39	41
LT	39	40	39	40	40	42	40	42	40	42	40	42	40	42	40	42	40	42	39	41
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	38^b	40^b	38^b	39^b
F_cy, ksi:
L	36	37	36	37	37	39	37	39	37	39	37	39	37	39	36	38	35	37	33	35
LT	42	43	42	43	43	45	43	45	43	45	42	45	42	44	42	44	41	43	39	41
ST	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	46	48	44	47
F_su, ksi	37	37	37	38	38	39	39	40	37	38	36	37	35	37	35	37	34	35	32	34
F_bru^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	96	97	97	99	101	102	102	104	94	97	92	95	91	94	91	94	88	91	83	86
(e/D = 2.0)	119	121	121	123	125	127	127	129	115	119	113	117	111	115	111	115	107	111	102	106
F_bry^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	68	70	68	70	70	73	70	73	69	72	69	72	69	72	69	72	69	72	67	70
(e/D = 2.0)	82	84	82	84	84	88	84	88	82	86	82	86	82	86	82	86	82	86	80	84
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	10	···	^d	···	15	···	15	···	12	···	8	···	7	···	6	···	4	···	4	···
E, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.5								10.7
Secondary	9.5				10.0				10.2
E_c, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.7								10.9
Secondary	9.7				10.2				10.4
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	···
^a These values, except in the ST direction, have been adjusted to represent the average properties across the whole section, including the 2-½ percent nominal cladding thickness.
^b Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).
^c Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^d See Table 3.2.3.0(f).

Table 3.2.3.0(e₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Continued
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/5
Form	Flat sheet and plate				Coiled sheet
Temper	T361				T4
Thickness, in.	0.020-0.062	0.063-0.249	0.250-0.499	0.500^a	0.010-0.062		0.063-0.128
Basis	S	S	S	S	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	65	65	64	58	59	61	62
LT	61	64	64	63	58	59	61	62
F_ty, ksi:
L	53	53	53	52	36	38	38	39
LT	47	48	48	47	36	38	38	39
F_cy, ksi:
L	44	45	45	44	36	38	38	39
LT	50	51	51	50	36	38	38	39
F_su, ksi	38	40	40	39	37	37	38	39
F_bru^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	101	105	105	104	96	97	101	102
(e/D = 2.0)	125	131	131	129	119	121	125	127
F_bry^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	78	79	79	78	63	66	66	68
(e/D = 2.0)	92	94	94	92	76	80	80	82
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	8	9	9	10	^c	···	15	···
E, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.5	10.5	10.7		10.5		10.5
Secondary	9.5	10.0	10.2		9.5		10.0
E_c, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.7	10.7	10.9		10.7		10.7
Secondary	9.7	10.2	10.4		9.7		10.2
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	···
^a These values have been adjusted to represent the average properties across the whole section, including the 2-½ percent nominal cladding thickness.
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^c See Table 3.2.3.0(f).

Table 3.2.3.0(e₃). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Continued
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/5
Form	Flat sheet and plate
Temper	T42^a										T62^a			T72^a
Thickness, in.	0.008-0.009		0.010-0.062		0.063-0.249		0.250-0.499	0.500-1.000^b	1.001-2.000^b	2.001-3.000^b	0.010-0.062	0.063-0.249	0.250-0.499	0.010-0.062	0.063-0.249
Basis	A	B	A	B	A^c	B^c	S^c	S^c	S^c,d	S	S	S^c	S^c	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	55	57	57	59	60	62	60	59	58	···	60	62	62	···	···
LT	55	57	57	59	60	62	60	59	58	56	60	62	62	56	58
F_ty, ksi:
L	34	35	34	35	36	38	36	36	36	···	47	49	49	···	···
LT	34	35	34	35	36	38	36	36	36	36	47	49	49	43	45
F_cy, ksi:
L	38	39	38	39	40	42	39	38	35	···	49	51	51	···	···
LT	37	38	37	38	39	41	39	39	39	···	49	52	51	···	···
F_su, ksi	33	34	34	35	36	37	36	35	35	···	35	36	36	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	88	91	91	94	96	99	95	90	83	···	97	100	100	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	109	113	113	117	119	123	119	117	115	···	126	130	130	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	60	61	60	61	63	67	63	63	63	···	75	79	79	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	72	74	72	74	76	80	76	76	76	···	89	93	93	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	10	···	^e		15	···	12	8	^e	4	5	5	5	5	5
E, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.5				10.5		10.7				10.5	10.7		10.5	10.5
Secondary	9.5				10.0		10.2				10.0	10.2		9.5	10.0
E_c, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.7				10.7		10.9				10.7	10.9		10.7	10.7
Secondary	9.7				10.2		10.4				10.2	10.4		9.7	10.2
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	···
^a Design allowables in some cases were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by the user may be different than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^b These values have been adjusted to represent the average properties across the whole section, including 2½ percent per side nominal cladding thickness.
^c Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^d See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^e See Table 3.2.3.0(f).

Table 3.2.3.0(e₄). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate—Concluded
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250/5
Form	Flat sheet and plate
Temper	T81		T851^a			T861^a
Thickness, in.	0.010-0.062	0.063-0.249	0.250-0.499		0.500-1.000^b	0.020-0.062	0.063-0.249	0.250-0.499	0.500^b
Basis	S	S	A	B	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	64	67	65	66	63	65	70	68	67
LT	62	65	65	66	63	64	69	68	67
F_ty, ksi:
L	57	59	56	58	56	59	65	62	61
LT	54	56	56	58	56	58	64	62	61
F_cy, ksi:
L	55	57	56	58	56	59	65	62	61
LT	55	57	57	59	56	61	67	65	64
F_su, ksi	38	39	37	37	36	36	39	39	38
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	96	100	99	100	96	99	107	105	104
(e/D = 2.0)	122	127	127	129	123	128	138	136	134
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	78	83	83	86	83	84	93	90	88
(e/D = 2.0)	90	94	98	101	98	99	109	105	104
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	5	5	5	···	5	3	4	4	4
E, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.5	10.5	10.7			10.5	10.5	10.5
Secondary	9.5	10.0	10.2			9.5	10.0	10.2
E_c, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.7	10.7	10.9			10.7	10.7	10.9
Secondary	9.7	10.2	10.4			9.7	10.2	10.4
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	···
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.
^b These values have been adjusted to represent the average properties across the whole section, including the 2-½ percent nominal cladding thickness.

Table 3.2.3.0(f). Minimum Elongation Values for Clad 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate (T3, T4, T42)
Thickness, in.	Elongation (LT), percent
0.010–0.020	12
0.021–0.062	15
1.001–1.500	7
1.501–2.000	6

Note: the plain-text extraction of MIL-HDBK-5J p. 3-79 did not yield legible values for the intermediate thickness bands (approximately 0.063–1.000 in.); only the rows recoverable from the source are shown above.

Table 3.2.3.0(g). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Drawn Tubing
Specification	AMS 4086 and WW-T-700/3		WW-T-700/3	WW-T-700/3
Form	Drawn tubing
Temper	T3		T42^a	T81
Wall Thickness, in.	0.018-0.500		0.018-0.500	0.010-0.249
Basis	A	B	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	64	66	62	66
LT	···	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	42	45	38	58
LT	···	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	42	45	38	···
LT	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	39	40	38	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	96	99	93	···
(e/D = 2.0)	122	126	118	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	59	63	53	···
(e/D = 2.0)	67	72	61	···
e, percent (S-basis):
L	^b	···	^b	^b
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by the user, however, may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^b See Table 3.2.3.0(h).

Table 3.2.3.0(h). Minimum Elongation Values for 2024 Aluminum Alloy Drawn Tubing
Temper	Wall Thickness, in.	Elongation (L), percent^a
T3, T42	0.018–0.024	10
T3, T42	0.025–0.049	12
T3, T42	0.050–0.259	14
T3, T42	0.260–0.500	16
T81	0.025–0.049	5
T81	0.050–0.249	6

a Full section specimen.

Table 3.2.3.0(i₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Bar and Rod; Rolled, Drawn, or Cold-Finished
Specification	AMS 4120 and AMS-QQ-A-225/6							AMS-QQ-A-225/6
Form	Bar and rod; rolled, drawn, or cold-finished
Temper	T351							T361
Thickness, in.	0.500-1.000	1.001-2.000	2.001-3.000	3.001-4.000	4.001-5.000^a	5.001-6.000^a	6.001-6.500^a	≤0.375
Basis	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	62	62	62	62	62	62	69
LT	61^b	59^b	57^b	55^b	54^b	52^b	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	52
LT	36^b	36^b	36^b	36^b	36^b	36^b	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	34	34	34	34	34	34	···	···
LT	41	41	41	41	41	41	···	···
F_su, ksi	37	37	37	37	37	37	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	90	90	90	90	90	90	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	115	115	115	115	115	115	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	63	63	63	63	63	63	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	74	74	74	74	74	74	···	···
e, percent:
L	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a For square, rectangular, hexagonal, or octagonal bar, minimum thickness is 4 inches, and maximum cross-sectional area is 36 square inches.
^b Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).

Table 3.2.3.0(i₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Bar and Rod; Rolled, Drawn, or Cold-Finished—Continued
Specification	AMS 4120 and AMS-QQ-A-225/6										AMS-QQ-A-225/6
Form	Bar and rod; rolled, drawn, or cold-finished
Temper	T4^a										T42^b
Thickness, in.	0.125-0.499	0.500-1.000	1.001-2.000	2.001-3.000	3.001-4.000	4.001-4.500^c	4.501-5.000^d	5.001-6.000^c	6.001-6.500^d	6.501-8.000^d	≤6.500^c
Basis	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	62	62	62	62	62	62	62	62	58	62
LT	61^e	61^e	59^e	57^e	55^e	54^e	54^e	52^e	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	45	42	42	42	42	42	40	40	40	38	40
LT	45^e	42^e	41^e	40^e	39^e	39^e	37^e	36^e	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	36	33	33	33	33	33	32	32	···	···	···
LT	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	37	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	93	93	93	93	93	93	93	93	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	118	118	118	118	118	118	118	118	···	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	63	59	59	59	59	59	56	56	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	72	67	67	67	67	67	64	64	···	···	···
e, percent:
L	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	71 (at 77°F) for T4X (See Figure 3.2.3.0)
^a The T4 temper is obsolete and should not be specified for new designs.
^b These properties apply when samples of material supplied in the O or F temper are heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment. Properties obtained by the user, however, may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^c For square, rectangular, hexagonal, or octagonal bar, maximum thickness is 4 inches, and maximum cross-sectional area is 36 square inches.
^d Applies to rod only.
^e Caution: This specific alloy, temper, and product form exhibits poor stress-corrosion cracking resistance in this grain direction. It corresponds to an SCC resistance rating of D, as indicated in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a).

Table 3.2.3.0(i₃). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Bar and Rod; Rolled, Drawn, or Cold-Finished—Concluded
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-225/6
Form	Bar and rod; rolled, drawn, or cold finished
Temper	T6^a	T62^b	T851
Thickness,^c in.	≤6.500	≤6.500	0.500-6.500
Basis	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	60	66
LT	···	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	50	46	58
LT	···	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	···	···	···
LT	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	···	···	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···	···	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···	···	···
e, percent:
L	5	5	5
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.7
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	87 (at 77°F) for T6X and T8XX
^a The T6 temper is obsolete and should not be specified for new designs.
^b These properties apply when samples of material supplied in the O or F temper are heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment. Properties obtained by the user, however, may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^c For square, rectangular, hexagonal, or octagonal bar, maximum thickness is 4 inches, and maximum cross-sectional area is 36 square inches.

Table 3.2.3.0(j₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Extrusion
Specification	AMS 4152, AMS 4164, AMS 4165, and AMS-QQ-A-200/3														AMS-QQ-A-200/3
Form	Extruded bar, rod, and shapes
Temper	T3, T3510, and T3511														T81, T8510, and T8511
Thickness,^a in.	≤0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-0.749		0.750-1.499		1.500-2.999		3.000-4.499		1.500-2.999	3.000-4.499	0.050-0.249	0.250-1.499	1.500-4.500
Cross-Section Area, in.²	≤20								≤25				>25-≤32		≤20	≤20	≤32
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	57	61	60	62	60	62	65	70	70	74	70	74	68	68	64	66	66
LT	54	58	56	57	54	56	56	60	55	58	54	57	53	52	64	64	61
F_ty, ksi:
L	42	47	44	47	44	47	46	54	52	54	52	54	48	48	56	58	58
LT	37	41	38	40	37	39	37	43	39	41	39	41	36	36	55	57	57
F_cy, ksi:
L	34	38	37	39	38	40	41	48	49	50	49	51	45	45	57	59	59
LT	41	45	41	44	40	43	40	47	42	44	41	43	39	38	57	59	59
F_su, ksi	29	31	31	32	30	31	33	35	34	36	33	35	33	32	35	36	36
F_bru^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	84	90	78	81	78	80	84	90	88	93	86	91	86	84	94	96	92
(e/D = 2.0)	108	114	98	101	97	101	105	113	111	118	109	115	108	106	123	123	117
F_bry^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	61	68	55	59	55	59	57	67	63	66	62	65	59	57	79	82	82
(e/D = 2.0)	71	79	67	71	67	71	69	81	77	80	75	78	71	69	93	96	96
e, percent (S-basis):
L	12	···	12	···	12	···	10	···	10	···	10	···	8	8	4	5	5
E, 10³ ksi	10.8
E_c, 10³ ksi	11.0
G, 10³ ksi	4.1
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a The mechanical properties are to be based upon the thickness at the time of quench.
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Table 3.2.3.0(j₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Extrusion—Concluded
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-200/3
Form	Extruded bar, rod, and shapes
Temper	T42^a
Cross-Sectional Area, in.²	≤25
Thickness or Diameter,^b in.	≤0.249	0.250-0.499	0.500-0.749	0.750-0.999	1.000-1.249	1.250-1.499	1.500-1.749	1.750-1.999	2.000-2.249	2.250-2.499
Basis	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	57	57	57	57	57	57	57	57	57	57
LT	55	54	52	51	49	47	45	43	41	39
F_ty, ksi:
L	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38
LT	36	35	34	33	32	31	30	29	28	27
F_cy, ksi:
L	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38	38
LT	39	38	37	36	35	34	33	31	30	29
F_su, ksi	29	29	29	29	29	29	28	27	26	24
F_bru^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	81	80	79	77	75	74	71	69	67	64
(e/D = 2.0)	99	98	97	95	93	91	89	86	83	81
F_bry^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	56	55	53	51	49	47	44	41	39	36
(e/D = 2.0)	69	67	65	63	61	59	56	53	50	47
e, percent:
L	12	12	12	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
E, 10³ ksi	10.8
E_c, 10³ ksi	11.0
G, 10³ ksi	4.1
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.3.0
^a Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material supplied in the O or F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by the user, however, may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^b The mechanical properties are to be based upon the thickness at the time of quench.
^c Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Figure 3.2.3.0. Effect of temperature on the physical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy.

The following temper designations are more specifically described than in Table 3.1.2.: T81 — the applicable designation for 2024-T3 sheet artificially aged to the required strength level. T361 — solution heat treated and naturally aged followed by cold rolling and natural aging treatment. T861 — solution heat treated and naturally aged followed by cold rolling and artificial aging treatment. T72 — solution heat treated and aged by user in accordance with AMS 2770 to provide high resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, applicable only to sheet.

The temper index for 2024 is as follows:

Temper Index for 2024 Aluminum Alloy
Section	Temper
3.2.3.1	T3, T351, T3510, T3511, T4, and T42
3.2.3.2	T361 (supersedes T36)
3.2.3.3	T62 and T72
3.2.3.4	T81, T851, T8510, and T8511
3.2.3.5	T861 (supersedes T86)

3.2.3.1T3, T351, T3510, T3511, T4, T42 Temper

Figures 3.2.3.1.1(a) through 3.2.3.1.5(b) present elevated temperature curves for various properties. Figures 3.2.3.1.6(a) through (q) present tensile and compressive stress-strain curves and tangent-modulus curves for various product forms and tempers at various temperatures. Figures 3.2.3.1.6(r) through (w) are full-range, stress-strain curves at room temperature for various product forms. Figures 3.2.3.1.8(a) through (i) provide S/N fatigue curves for unnotched and notched specimens for T3 and T4 tempers.

Figure 3.2.3.1.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T3, T351, and 2024-T4 aluminum alloy (all products except extrusions).

Figure 3.2.3.1.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T3, T351, and 2024-T4 aluminum alloy (all products except extrusions).

Figure 3.2.3.1.1(c). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T3, T3510, T3511, and T42 aluminum alloy extrusion.

Figure 3.2.3.1.1(d). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T3, T3510, T3511, and T42 aluminum alloy extrusion.

Figure 3.2.3.1.1(e). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room-temperature tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T3, T351, T3510, T3511, and T42 aluminum alloy (all products except thick extrusions).

Figure 3.2.3.1.1(f). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room-temperature tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T3, T351, T3510, T3511, T4, and T42 aluminum alloy (all products except thick extrusions).

Figure 3.2.3.1.2(a). Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) of flat clad 2024-T3, coiled clad 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, and clad 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.3.1.2(b). Effect of temperature on the shear ultimate strength (Fsu) of flat clad 2024-T3, coiled clad 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, and clad 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.3.1.3(a). Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru) of flat clad 2024-T3, coiled clad 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, and clad 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.3.1.3(b). Effect of temperature on the bearing yield strength (Fbry) of flat clad 2024-T3, coiled clad 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, and clad 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.3.1.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and Ec) of 2024 aluminum alloy.

Figure 3.2.3.1.5(a). Effect of temperature on the elongation of 2024-T3, T351, T3510, T3511, T4, and T42 aluminum alloy (all products except thick extrusions).

Figure 3.2.3.1.5(b). Effect of exposure at elevated temperature on the elongation (e) of 2024-T3, T351, T3510, T3511, T4, and T42 aluminum alloy (all products except thick extrusions).

Figures 3.2.3.1.6(a) through (aa) present typical tensile and/or compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for the T3/T4 family of products and are not individually reproduced here; each corresponds to a specific product form, temper, test temperature, and (where applicable) thermal-exposure time. The run covers: 2024-T3 sheet and clad 2024-T3 sheet at room temperature [(a),(b)]; clad 2024-T3 sheet compressive curves at 212, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°F with 1/2- to 1000-hour exposures [(c) through (h)]; 2024-T351 and -T42 plate at room temperature [(i),(j),(k)]; 2024-T4 rolled bar, rod, and shapes at room temperature [(l)]; 2024-T351X extrusion tensile and compressive curves at room temperature [(m),(n)]; 2024-T3 and -T42 extrusion at room temperature for several thickness ranges [(o) through (r)]; clad 2024-T42 sheet tensile and compressive curves at room temperature [(s),(t)]; and full-range (to-fracture) tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for clad T3 sheet, T351 rolled rod, T351X extrusion, T3 extrusion (two thickness ranges), T42 extrusion, and clad T42 sheet [(u) through (aa)]. See MIL-HDBK-5J pp. 3-95–3-111 for the individual curves.

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(a). Best-fit S/N curves for unnotched 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, various wrought products, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(a)

Product Form: Rolled bar, 0.75 to 0.125 inch diameter; drawn rod, 0.75 inch diameter; extruded rod, 1.25 inch diameter; extruded bar, 1.25 x 4-inch

Properties: TUS 69 ksi, TYS 45 ksi, RT (rolled); TUS 71 ksi, TYS 44 ksi, RT (drawn); TUS 85 ksi, TYS 65 ksi, RT (extruded)

Specimen Details: Unnotched, 0.160 to 0.400 inch diameter

Surface Condition: Longitudinally polished

References: 3.2.1.1.8(a) through (c) and 3.2.3.1.8(i)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1800 to 3600 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 20.83 − 9.09 log (S_eq)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.52
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.566
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 1.324
R² = 82%

Sample Size: 134

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(b). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 1.6, 2024-T4 aluminum alloy bar, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(b)

Product Form: Rolled bar, 1.125 inch diameter

Properties: TUS 73 ksi, TYS 49 ksi, RT

Specimen Details: Semicircular V-groove, K_t = 1.6
0.450 inch gross diameter
0.400 inch net diameter
0.100 inch root radius, r
60° flank angle

Surface Condition: As machined

Reference: 3.2.1.1.8(a)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1800 to 3600 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 12.25 − 5.16 log (S_eq − 18.7)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.57
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.414
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 0.989
R² = 82%

Sample Size: 38

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(c). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 2.4, 2024-T4 aluminum alloy bar, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(c)

Product Form: Rolled bar, 1.125 inch diameter

Properties: TUS 73 ksi, TYS 49 ksi, RT

Specimen Details: Circumferential V-groove, K_t = 2.4
0.500 inch gross diameter
0.400 inch net diameter
0.032 inch root radius, r
60° flank angle

Surface Condition: As machined

Reference: 3.2.1.1.8(b)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1800 to 3600 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 14.33 − 6.35 log (S_eq − 3.2)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.48
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.310
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 1.084
R² = 92%

Sample Size: 33

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(d). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 3.4, 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, various wrought products, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(d)

Product Form: Rolled bar, 1.125 inch diameter; extruded bar, 1.25 inch diameter

Properties: TUS 74.2 ksi, RT (rolled); TUS 84.1 ksi, RT (extruded) — TYS not reported

Specimen Details: Circumferential V-groove, K_t = 3.4
0.450 inch gross diameter
0.400 inch net diameter
0.010 inch root radius, r
60° flank angle

Surface Condition: As machined

References: 3.2.1.1.8(b) and (c)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1800 to 3600 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 8.18 − 2.76 log (S_eq − 11.6)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.52
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.292
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 1.011
R² = 92%

Sample Size: 51

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(e). Best-fit S/N curves for unnotched, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(e)

Product Form: Bare sheet, 0.090 inch

Properties: TUS 72–73 ksi, TYS 52–54 ksi, RT

Specimen Details: Unnotched, 0.8 to 1.0 inch width

Surface Condition: Electropolished

References: 3.2.3.1.8(a) and (f)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1100 to 1800 cpm

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 11.1 − 3.97 log (S_eq − 15.8)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.56
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.38
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 0.90
R² = 82%

Sample Size: 107

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(f). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 1.5, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(f)

Product Form: Bare sheet, 0.090 inch

Properties: unnotched TUS 73 ksi, TYS 54 ksi, RT; notched (K_t = 1.5) TUS 76 ksi, TYS not reported, RT

Specimen Details: Edge notched, K_t = 1.5
3.00 inches gross width
1.500 inches net width
0.760 inch notch radius
0° flank angle

Surface Condition: Electropolished

Reference: 3.2.3.1.8(d)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1100 to 1500 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 7.5 − 2.13 log (S_eq − 23.7)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.66
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.30
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 0.95
R² = 90%

Sample Size: 26

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(g). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 2.0, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(g)

Product Form: Bare sheet, 0.090 inch

Properties: unnotched TUS 73 ksi, TYS 54 ksi, RT; notched (K_t = 2.0) TUS 73 ksi, TYS not reported, RT

Specimen Details: Notched, K_t = 2.0
Center notch – net width 1.50 in., notch radius 1.50 in.
Edge notch – gross width 4.50 in., net width 1.50 in., notch radius 0.3175 in.
Fillet notch – gross width 2.25 in., net width 1.50 in., notch radius 0.1736 in.

Surface Condition: Electropolished, machined and burrs removed with fine crocus cloth

References: 3.2.3.1.8(b) and (f)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1100 to 1800 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 9.2 − 3.33 log (S_eq − 12.3)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.68
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.27
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 0.89
R² = 91%

Sample Size: 113

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(h). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 4.0, of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(h)

Product Form: Bare sheet, 0.090 inch

Properties: unnotched TUS 73 ksi, TYS 54 ksi, RT; notched TUS 67 ksi, TYS not reported, RT

Specimen Details: Notched
Center notch – net width 1.50 in., notch radius 0.057 in.
Edge notch – gross width 2.25 in., net width 1.50 in., notch radius 0.070 in.
Fillet notch – gross width 4.10 in., net width 1.50 in., notch radius 0.0195 in.

Surface Condition: Electropolished, machined, and burrs removed with fine crocus cloth

References: 3.2.3.1.8(b), (e), (f), (g), and (h)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1100 to 1800 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 8.3 − 3.30 log (S_eq − 8.5)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.66
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.39
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 1.24
R² = 90%

Sample Size: 126

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

Note: the source specimen-details block for this figure repeats the K_t = 2.0 notch-geometry labeling from Figure 3.2.3.1.8(g) even though the figure title and notch-radius values are distinct from (g); this appears to be a labeling artifact in the original MIL-HDBK-5J text (p. 3-119). The notch radii and sample size shown above are transcribed as printed.

Figure 3.2.3.1.8(i). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 5.0, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, longitudinal direction.

Correlative Information for Figure 3.2.3.1.8(i)

Product Form: Bare sheet, 0.090 inch

Properties: unnotched TUS 73 ksi, TYS 54 ksi, RT; notched (K_t = 5.0) TUS 62 ksi, TYS not reported, RT

Specimen Details: Edge notched, K_t = 5.0
2.25 inch gross width
1.500 inch net width
0.03125 inch notch radius
0° flank angle

Surface Condition: Electropolished

Reference: 3.2.3.1.8(c)

Test Parameters:
Loading – Axial
Frequency – 1100 to 1800 cpm
Temperature – RT
Environment – Air

No. of Heats/Lots: Not specified

Equivalent Stress Equation:
Log N_f = 8.9 − 3.73 log (S_eq − 3.9)
S_eq = S_max(1−R)^0.56
Std. Error of Estimate, Log (Life) = 0.39
Standard Deviation, Log (Life) = 1.24
R² = 90%

Sample Size: 35

[Caution: The equivalent stress model may provide unrealistic life predictions for stress ratios beyond those represented above.]

3.2.3.2T361 (supersedes T36) Temper

MIL-HDBK-5J presents no dedicated narrative text or unique figures for the T361 temper beyond the section heading itself (p. 3-70). Room-temperature design mechanical and physical properties for T361 sheet, plate, bar, rod, and extrusion are included alongside the T3, T351, T3510, and T3511 tempers in the combined Tables 3.2.3.0(b1), 3.2.3.0(e1), 3.2.3.0(i1), and 3.2.3.0(j1) in Section 3.2.3.0 above; no additional tables or figures specific to T361 appear in this chapter.

3.2.3.3T62 and T72 Temper

Figures 3.2.3.3.1(a) through (d) and 3.2.3.3.5(a) and (b) show the effect of temperature on the tensile properties of the T62 temper. Figure 3.2.3.1.4 can be used for the elevated temperature curve for elastic moduli for this temper. Tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves at room temperature are shown in Figure 3.2.3.3.6.

Figure 3.2.3.3.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.3.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.3.1(c). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room-temperature tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.3.1(d). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room-temperature tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.3.5(a). Effect of temperature on the elongation of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.3.5(b). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the elongation of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.3.6(a). Typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2024-T62 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature. Thickness 0.250–1.000 in.

Figure 3.2.3.3.6(b). Typical tension and compression stress-strain and compression tangent-modulus curves for 2024-T62 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature, thickness 1.000–1.750 in. Note: the data used to generate these curves may have been from clad product; however, they are shown here without a secondary modulus since it could not be positively confirmed that the product was clad.

Figure 3.2.3.3.6(c). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for clad 2024-T62 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature. Thickness 0.072–0.249 in.

Figure 3.2.3.3.6(d). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for clad 2024-T62 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature. Thickness 0.072–0.249 in.

Figure 3.2.3.3.6(e). Typical stress-strain curves (full range) for clad 2024-T62 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature.

3.2.3.4T81, T851, T852, T8510, and T8511 Temper

Figures 3.2.3.4.1(a) through (d), 3.2.3.4.2(a) and (b), 3.2.3.4.3(a) and (b), and 3.2.3.4.5(a) and (b) present elevated temperature curves for various mechanical properties for the T8XXX temper. Figures 3.2.3.4.1(e) and (f) contain graphs for determining tensile properties after complex thermal exposure. See Section 3.7.4.1 for a detailed discussion of their use. Figures 3.2.3.4.6(a) through (g) present tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for various products and tempers. Figures 3.2.3.4.6(h) through (j) are full-range stress-strain curves at room temperature for various product forms.

Figure 3.2.3.4.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.1(c). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on room-temperature tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T81 aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.4.1(d). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room temperature tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T81 aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.4.1(e). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T81 aluminum alloy clad sheet. Note: Instructions for use of these curves are presented in Section 3.7.4.1.

Figure 3.2.3.4.1(f). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T81 aluminum alloy clad sheet. Note: Instructions for use of these curves are presented in Section 3.7.4.1.

Figure 3.2.3.4.2(a). Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.2(b). Effect of temperature on the shear ultimate strength (Fsu) of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.3(a). Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru) of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.3(b). Effect of temperature on the bearing yield strength (Fbry) of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.5(a). Effect of temperature on the elongation of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figure 3.2.3.4.5(b). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room temperature elongation of 2024-T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 aluminum alloy (all products).

Figures 3.2.3.4.6(a) through (j) present typical tensile and/or compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for the T8XXX family of products and are not individually reproduced here; each corresponds to a specific product form, temper, test temperature, and (where applicable) thermal-exposure time. The run covers: clad 2024-T81 sheet compressive curves at room temperature through 400°F with 1/2- to 1000-hour exposures [(a) through (d)]; 2024-T851 plate tensile and compressive curves at room temperature [(e),(f)]; 2024-T851X extrusion tensile and compressive curves at room temperature [(g)]; and full-range (to-fracture) tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for T81 sheet, clad T81 sheet, and T851 sheet [(h) through (j)]. See MIL-HDBK-5J pp. 3-134–3-140 for the individual curves.

3.2.3.5T861 (T86) Temper

Figures 3.2.3.5.1(a) through (d), 3.2.3.5.2(a) and (b), 3.2.3.5.3(a) through (c), and 3.2.3.5.5(a) and (b) present effect-of-temperature curves for various mechanical properties. Figures 3.2.3.5.6(a) through (d) present compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for sheet material at various temperatures. Graphical displays of the residual strength behavior of center-cracked tension panels are presented in Figures 3.2.3.5.10(a) and (b).

Figure 3.2.3.5.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.1(c). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room-temperature tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.1(d). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room-temperature tensile yield strength (Fty) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.2(a). Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.2(b). Effect of temperature on the shear ultimate strength (Fsu) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.3(a). Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru, e/D = 1.5) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.3(b). Effect of temperature on the bearing yield strength (Fbry, e/D = 1.5) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.3(c). Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru, e/D = 2.0) and the bearing yield strength (Fbry, e/D = 2.0) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.5(a). Effect of temperature on the elongation (e) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.5(b). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on the room temperature elongation (e) of 2024-T861 (T86) aluminum alloy sheet.

Figure 3.2.3.5.6(a). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for clad 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.3.5.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for clad 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet at 200°F.

Figure 3.2.3.5.6(c). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for clad 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet at 300°F.

Figure 3.2.3.5.6(d). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for clad 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet at 400°F.

Figure 3.2.3.5.10(a). Residual strength behavior of 0.063-inch-thick 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature. Crack orientation is T-L [Reference 3.1.2.1.6(d)].

Figure 3.2.3.5.10(b). Residual strength behavior of 0.063-inch-thick 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature. Crack orientation is L-T [Reference 3.1.2.1.6(d)].

3.2.42025 Alloy

3.2.4.0Comments and Properties

2025 is a heat-treatable Al-Cu forging alloy for which applications have been limited primarily to propellers. Refer to Section 3.1.2.3 for comments regarding the resistance of the alloy to stress-corrosion cracking, and to Section 3.1.2.4 for comments regarding the weldability of the alloy.

A material specification for 2025 aluminum alloy is presented in Table 3.2.4.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.4.0(b). The effect of temperature on thermal expansion is shown in Figure 3.2.4.0.

Table 3.2.4.0(a). Material Specification for 2025 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4130	Die forging

Table 3.2.4.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2025 Aluminum Alloy Die Forging
Specification	AMS 4130
Form	Die forging
Temper	T6
Thickness, in.	≤4.000
Basis	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	55
T^a	52
F_ty, ksi:
L	33
T^a	32
F_cy, ksi:
L	···
T^a	···
F_su, ksi	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···
e, percent:
L	11
T^a	8
E, 10³ ksi	10.3
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.5
G, 10³ ksi	3.9
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.101
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	0.23 (at 212°F)
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	90 (at 77°F)
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	See Figure 3.2.4.0
^a T indicates any grain direction within ±15° of being perpendicular to the forging flow lines.

Figure 3.2.4.0 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.4.0. Effect of temperature on the thermal expansion of 2025 aluminum alloy.

3.2.52026 Alloy

3.2.5.0Comments and Properties

2026 is a 4.0Cu-1.3Mg-0.60Mn aluminum alloy used for extrusion of bars, rods, and profiles. These extrusions have been used typically for parts subject to cracking during forming operations and excessive warpage during machining processes, and for parts requiring high strength and damage tolerance, where fabrication does not normally involve welding.

Certain processing procedures may cause these extrusions to become susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking; ARP823 (Reference 3.2.1.0) recommends practices to minimize such conditions.

Extruded, solution heat treated and stress-relieved by stretching to produce a nominal permanent set of 1.5%, but not less than 1% nor more than 3%, to the T3511 temper. Solution heat treatment will be performed in accordance with AMS 2772.

Material specifications are shown in Table 3.2.5.0(a). Room temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.5.0(b).

Table 3.2.5.0(a). Material Specifications for 2026-T3511
Specification	Form
AMS 4338	Extruded bars, rods, and profiles

Table 3.2.5.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2026 Aluminum Alloy Bars, Rods, and Profiles
Specification	AMS 4338
Form	Extrusions
Temper	T3511
Thickness, in.	≤0.249		0.250-0.499		0.500-1.499		1.500-2.249		2.250-3.250
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	66	69	70	72	72	75	73	76	73
LT	58	61	62	64	66	67	64	67	61
F_ty, ksi:
L	48	51	52	53	53	56	54	57	54
LT	41	44	45	46	46	48	44	49	42
F_cy, ksi:
L	43	45	46	47	47	47	49	52	50
LT	42	45	46	46	46	49	45	47	43
F_su, ksi	37	39	37	38	32	33	32	33	32
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	90	94	92	95	87	90	85	89	85
(e/D = 2.0)	112	117	113	117	109	114	108	112	105
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	62	66	66	67	61	64	61	64	61
(e/D = 2.0)	76	81	81	83	76	81	76	80	76
e, percent (S-basis):
L	11	···	12	···	11	···	11	···	10
LT	···	···	···	···	8	···	8	···	8
E, 10³ ksi	10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	···
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	···
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	···
^a See Table 3.1.2.1.1. Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

3.2.62090 Alloy

3.2.6.0Comments and Properties

2090 is an Al-Cu-Li alloy developed for applications requiring the high strength of 7075-T6 but with 8 percent lower density and 10 percent higher elastic modulus than 7075-T6. Sheet is available in the T83 temper. 2090 sheet has strength properties nearly equivalent to 7075-T6 sheet with improved exfoliation resistance. Refer to Section 3.1.3.4 for information on weldability of the alloy.

A material specification for 2090 aluminum alloy is shown in Table 3.2.6.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.6.0(b).

Table 3.2.6.0(a). Material Specification for 2090 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4251	Sheet

Table 3.2.6.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2090-T83 Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Specification	AMS 4251
Form	Sheet
Temper	T83
Thickness, in.	0.040-0.125	0.126-0.249
Basis	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	77	75
45°	64	65
LT	73	73
F_ty, ksi:
L	70	70
45°	56	57
LT	66	66
F_cy, ksi:
L	67	63
45°	58	60
LT	71	71
F_su, ksi	37	37
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	100	100
(e/D = 2.0)	126	126
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	84	88
(e/D = 2.0)	98	104
e, percent:
L	3	4
LT	5	5
E, 10³ ksi:
L & LT	11.5
45°	11.0
E_c, 10³ ksi:
L & LT	11.8
45°	11.4
G, 10³ ksi	4.3
μ	0.34
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.094
C, K, and α	···
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

The temper index is as follows:

Temper Index for 2090 Aluminum Alloy
Section	Temper
3.2.6.1	T83

3.2.6.1T83 Temper

Stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves are presented in Figures 3.2.6.1.6(a) and (b).

Figure 3.2.6.1.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.6.1.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.6.1.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.6.1.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature.

3.2.72124 Alloy

3.2.7.0Comments and Properties

2124 is an Al-Cu alloy available in the form of plate in thicknesses of 1 through 6 inches. This alloy is a high purity version of alloy 2024. The higher purity in conjunction with special production processing provides higher elongation in the short-transverse direction and improved fracture toughness over that exhibited by conventionally produced 2024 alloy. The alloy is currently only produced in the T851 temper. The alloy, like 2024, has excellent properties and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. The alloy in the T851 temper has good resistance to stress corrosion. Refer to Section 3.1.2.3.1 for information regarding resistance of the alloy to stress-corrosion cracking. Refer to Section 3.1.3.4 for comments regarding the weldability of the alloy. The physical properties are essentially the same as those for 2024-T851 plate.

Applicable material specification for 2124-T851 plate is presented in Table 3.2.7.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical properties are shown in Table 3.2.7.0(b).

Table 3.2.7.0(a). Material Specification for 2124 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4101	Plate
AMS-QQ-A-250/29	Plate

The temper index for 2124 is as follows: Section 3.2.7.1 covers the T851 temper.

Table 3.2.7.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2124 Aluminum Alloy Plate
Specification	AMS 4101 and AMS-QQ-A-250/29
Form	Plate
Temper	T851
Thickness, in.	1.000-1.500	1.501-2.000		2.001-3.000		3.001-4.000		4.001-5.000		5.001-6.000
Basis	S	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	66	66	68	65	68	65	67	64	66	63	65
LT	66	66	68	65	68	65	67	64	66	63	65
ST	64^a	64	66	63	64	62	63	61	62	58	59
F_ty, ksi:
L	57	57	61	57	61	56	60	55	58	54	56
LT	57	57	61	57	61	56	60	55	58	54	56
ST	55^a	55	59	55	59	54	57	53	55	51	53
F_cy, ksi:
L	57	57	61	56	60	55	59	53	56	52	54
LT	57	57	61	57	61	56	60	55	58	54	56
ST	···	57	61	58	62	57	61	57	60	56	58
F_su, ksi:
L	···	38	39	38	39	38	39	37	38	37	38
LT	···	38	39	38	39	38	39	37	38	37	38
ST	···	36	37	36	37	36	37	35	36	35	36
F_bru^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	97	100	96	100	96	99	94	97	93	96
(e/D = 2.0)	···	126	130	125	130	125	128	123	126	121	125
F_bry^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	79	84	80	85	80	85	79	84	79	82
(e/D = 2.0)	···	91	98	92	99	92	99	92	97	91	95
e, percent (S-basis):
L	6	6	···	6	···	5	···	5	···	5	···
LT	5	5	···	4	···	4	···	4	···	4	···
ST	1.5^a	1.5	···	1.5	···	1.5	···	1.5	···	1.5	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.4
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	0.21 (at 212°F)
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	87 (at 77°F)
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	12.6 (68°F to 212°F)
^a Applicable to 1.500-inch thickness only.
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.

3.2.7.1T851 Temper

Elevated temperature data are presented in Figures 3.2.7.1.1(a) and (b). Typical tensile stress-strain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive tangent-modulus curves are presented in Figures 3.2.7.1.6(a) and (b). Fatigue crack-propagation data for plate are presented in Figures 3.2.7.1.9(a) through (e).

Figure 3.2.7.1.1(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (F_tu) of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.7.1.1(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (F_ty) of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.7.1.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.7.1.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(a). Fatigue-crack-propagation data for 2.0 to 5.5 inch thick, 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate. Specimen thickness 0.25–0.45 and 0.15 inch; specimen width 11.75 and 3.0 inches; specimen type M(T) and C(T); environment 95% R.H.; temperature RT; orientation L-T.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(b). Fatigue-crack-propagation data for 2.0-inch thick, 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate. Specimen thickness 0.25–0.45 inch; specimen width 11.75 inches; specimen type M(T); environment lab air; temperature 300–400°F; orientation L-T.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(c) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(c). Fatigue-crack-propagation data for 2.5-inch thick, 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate. Specimen thickness 0.75 inch; specimen width 1.75 inches; specimen type C(T); environment lab air; temperature –100 through 400°F; orientation L-T.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(d) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(d). Fatigue-crack-propagation data for 2.0 to 5.5 inch thick, 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate. Specimen thickness 0.25–0.75 inch; specimen width 4.0–11.75 inches; specimen type M(T); environment 90–95% R.H.; temperature RT; orientation T-L.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(e) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.7.1.9(e). Fatigue-crack-propagation data for 2.0-inch thick, 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate. Specimen thickness 0.25–0.45 inch; width 11.75 inches; type M(T); environment lab air; temperature 300–400°F; orientation T-L.

3.2.82219 Alloy

3.2.8.0Comments and Properties

2219 is an Al-Cu alloy available in a wide variety of product forms. As shown in Table 3.1.2.3.1(a), 2219-T351X and -T37 rolled plate and extruded shapes have a “D” SCC rating. This is the lowest rating and means that SCC failures have occurred in service or would be anticipated if there is any sustained stress. In-service failures are caused by stresses produced by any combination of sources including solution heat treatment, straightening, forming, fit-up, clamping, sustained service loads, or high service compression stresses that produce residual tensile stresses. These stresses may be tension or compression as well as stresses due to the Poisson effect, because the actual failures are caused by the resulting sustained shear stresses. Pin-hole flaws in corrosion protection are sufficient for SCC. Refer to Section 3.1.2.3 for comments regarding the resistance of the alloy to stress-corrosion cracking, and to Section 3.1.3.4 for comments regarding the weldability of the alloy. It has been used in critical cryogenic applications as well as those applications in which high strength and creep resistance at relatively high temperatures (400 to 600°F) are required.

Material specifications for 2219 are presented in Table 3.2.8.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Tables 3.2.8.0(b1) through (d). The effect of temperature on the physical properties is shown in Figure 3.2.8.0.

Table 3.2.8.0(a). Material Specifications for 2219 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4031	Sheet and plate
AMS-QQ-A-250/30	Sheet and plate
AMS 4162	Extrusion
AMS 4163	Extrusion
AMS 4144	Hand forging

The temper index for 2219 is as follows: Section 3.2.8.1 covers the T62 temper; Section 3.2.8.2 covers the T81, T851, T8510, and T8511 tempers; Section 3.2.8.3 covers the T852 temper; and Section 3.2.8.4 covers the T87 temper.

Table 3.2.8.0(b₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate
Specification	AMS 4031 & AMS-QQ-A-250/30		AMS-QQ-A-250/30
Form	Sheet and plate
Temper	T62^a		T81		T851
Thickness, in.	0.020-2.000		0.020-0.249		0.250-1.000		1.001-2.000		2.001-3.000		3.001-4.000		4.001-5.000		5.001-6.000
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	54	55	61	62	61	62	61	62	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
LT	54	55	62	63	62	63	62	63	62	63	60	61	59	60	57	58
F_ty, ksi:
L	36	37	47	48	47	48	47	48	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
LT	36	37	46	47	46	47	46	47	45	46	44	45	43	44	42	43
F_cy, ksi:
L	37	39	47	48	47	48	47	48	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
LT	37	38	48	49	48	49	48	49	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	31	32	35	35	36	36	36	36	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bru^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	84	85	95	96	95	96	95	96	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	107	109	121	123	121	123	121	123	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bry^b, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	62	64	76	78	76	78	76	78	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	79	81	92	94	94	94	92	94	···	···	···	···	···	···	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	^c	···	^c	···	8	···	7	···	6	···	5	···	5	···	4	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.103
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.8.0
^a Design allowables were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in O and F temper, which were heat treated to demonstrate response to heat treatment by suppliers. Properties obtained by user may be lower than those listed if the material has been formed or otherwise cold or hot worked, particularly in the annealed temper, prior to solution heat treatment.
^b Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.
^c T62 and T81: 0.020-0.039 in., 6 percent, 0.040-0.249 in., 7 percent; T62: 0.250-1.000 in., 8 percent, 1.001-2.000 in., 7 percent.

Table 3.2.8.0(b₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Sheet—Continued
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250\30
Form	Sheet
Condition	T87
Thickness, in.	0.020-0.039		0.040-0.249
Basis	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	63	64	63	64
LT	64	65	64	65
F_ty, ksi:
L	51	52	51	52
LT	52	53	52	53
F_cy, ksi:
L	52	53	52	53
LT	55	56	55	56
F_su, ksi	36	37	36	37
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	99	100	99	100
(e/D = 2.0)	126	128	126	128
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	83	85	83	85
(e/D = 2.0)	96	98	96	98
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	5	···	6	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.103
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.8.0
^a See Table 3.1.2.1.1. Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Table 3.2.8.0(b₃). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Plate—Continued
Specification	AMS-QQ-A-250\30
Form	Plate
Condition	T87
Thickness, in.	0.250-1.000		1.001-1.500		1.501-2.000		2.001-3.000		3.001-4.000		4.001-5.000
Basis	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	63	64	63	64	63	64	63	64	61	62	···	···
LT	64	65	64	65	64	65	64	65	62	63	61	62
ST	···	···	···	···	59	60	56	57	52	53	···	···
F_ty, ksi:
L	50	51	50	51	50	51	50	51	49	50	···	···
LT	51	52	51	52	51	52	51	52	51	51	49	50
ST	···	···	···	···	51	52	50	51	48	49	···	···
F_cy, ksi:
L	51	52	51	52	51	52	···	···	···	···	···	···
LT	53	54	52	53	52	53	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi	37	38	37	38	37	38	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	99	100	99	100	99	100	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	126	128	126	128	126	128	···	···	···	···	···	···
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	82	83	82	83	82	83	···	···	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	94	96	94	96	94	96	···	···	···	···	···	···
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	7	···	6	···	6	···	6	···	4	···	3	···
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.103
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.8.0
^a See Table 3.1.2.1.1. Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Table 3.2.8.0(c). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Hand Forging
Specification	AMS 4144
Form	Hand Forging
Temper	T852
Thickness, in.	<2.000	2.000-4.000	4.001-6.000	6.001-8.000	8.001-10.000	10.001-12.000	12.001-14.000	14.001-17.000
Basis	S	S	S	S	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	62	58	57	56	54	53	51
LT	62	62	56	55	54	53	52	50
ST	···	60	56	55	54	53	52	50
F_ty, ksi:
L	50	50	44	43	42	41	40	39
LT	49	49	42	41	41	40	40	39
ST	···	46	41	40	39	39	38	37
F_cy, ksi:
L	···	46	40	39	···	···	···	···
LT	···	47	40	39	···	···	···	···
ST	···	47	41	40	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi:
L	···	37	35	35	···	···	···	···
LT	···	36	34	35	···	···	···	···
ST	···	32	32	33	···	···	···	···
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	···	···	80	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···	104	100	102	···	···	···	···
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	76	65	64	···	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···	89	76	75	···	···	···	···
e, percent:
L	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
LT	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	3
ST	···	3	3	3	3	2	2	2
E, 10³ ksi	10.2
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.4
G, 10³ ksi	3.9
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.103
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.8.0
^a Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Table 3.2.8.0(d). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Extruded Shapes
Specification	AMS 4162 and AMS 4163^a
Form	Extruded shapes
Temper	T8511
Cross-Sectional Area, in.²	≤25
Thickness or Diameter,^b in.	≤0.499	0.500-2.999
Basis	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	58	58
LT^c	56	56
F_ty, ksi:
L	42	42
LT^c	39	39
F_cy, ksi:
L	43	42
LT	43	41
F_su, ksi	33	33
F_bru^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	87	81
(e/D = 2.0)	113	107
F_bry^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	69	67
(e/D = 2.0)	84	82
e, percent:
L	6	6
LT^c	4	4
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.103
C, K, and α	See Figure 3.2.8.0
^a Design allowables for extrusions procured to AMS 4163 were based upon data obtained from testing samples of material, supplied in T3511 temper, which were precipitation heat treated by suppliers to demonstrate response to aging treatment.
^b The mechanical properties are to be based upon the thickness at the time of quench.
^c Applicable providing LT dimension is ≥2.500 inches.
^d Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Figure 3.2.8.0 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.0. Effect of temperature on the physical properties of 2219 aluminum alloy.

3.2.8.1T62 Temper

Elevated temperature data for this temper are presented in Figures 3.2.8.1.1(a) and (b). Typical room-temperature tensile and compressive stress-strain, compressive tangent-modulus, and full-range tensile stress-strain curves for 2219 aluminum alloy sheet and plate for this temper are shown in Figures 3.2.8.1.6(a) and (b).

Figure 3.2.8.1.1(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.1.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (F_tu) of 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet, 0.040–0.249, and plate, 0.250–1.000 in. thick.

Figure 3.2.8.1.1(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.1.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (F_ty) of 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet, 0.040–0.249 and plate, 0.250–1.000 in. thick.

Figure 3.2.8.1.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.1.6(a). Typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.8.1.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.1.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain (full range) curve for 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature.

3.2.8.2T81 and T851X Tempers

Elevated temperature data for these tempers are presented in Figures 3.2.8.2.1(a) and (b). Typical room-temperature tensile and compressive stress-strain, compressive tangent-modulus, and full-range tensile stress-strain curves for 2219 aluminum alloy for this condition are shown in Figures 3.2.8.2.6(a) and (b). Notched fatigue data for plate are presented in Figures 3.2.8.2.8(a) through (d).

Figure 3.2.8.2.1(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (F_tu) of 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.8.2.1(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (F_ty) of 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate.

Figure 3.2.8.2.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.6(a). Typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.8.2.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(a). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 2.0, 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate, longitudinal direction. Product form: plate, 2.00 inch thick.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(b). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 3.2, 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate, longitudinal direction. Product form: plate, 2.00 inch thick.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(c) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(c). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 3.2, 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate, long transverse direction. Product form: plate, 2.00 inch thick.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(d) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.2.8(d). Best-fit S/N curves for notched, K_t = 5.0, 2219-T851 aluminum alloy plate, longitudinal direction. Product form: plate, 2.00 inch thick.

3.2.8.3T852 Temper

Typical room-temperature tensile and compressive stress-strain, compressive tangent-modulus, and full-range tensile stress-strain curves for 2219 aluminum alloy for this temper are shown in Figures 3.2.8.3.6(a) through (e).

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging at room temperature (thickness 4.001–6.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging at room temperature (thickness 6.001–8.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(c) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(c). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging at room temperature (thickness 4.001–6.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(d) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(d). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging at room temperature (thickness 6.001–8.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(e) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.3.6(e). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging at room temperature (thickness 6.001–8.000 in.).

3.2.8.4T87 Temper

Elevated temperature data for this temper are presented in Figures 3.2.8.4.1(a) and (b). Typical room-temperature tensile and compressive stress-strain, compressive tangent-modulus, and full-range tensile stress-strain curves for 2219 aluminum alloy sheet and plate for this temper are shown in Figures 3.2.8.4.6(a) through (e).

Figure 3.2.8.4.1(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (F_tu) of 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet and plate.

Figure 3.2.8.4.1(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (F_ty) of 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet and plate.

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(a). Typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature (thickness 0.125–1.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature (thickness 0.125–1.00 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(c) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(c). Typical tensile stress-strain curve for 2219-T87 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature, long-transverse direction (thickness 3.000–4.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(d) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(d). Typical tensile stress-strain curve for 2219-T87 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature, short-transverse direction (thickness 1.600–4.000 in.).

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(e) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.8.4.6(e). Typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) for 2219-T87 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature (thickness 1.600–4.000 in.).

3.2.92297 Alloy

3.2.9.0Comments and Properties

2297 is an Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr plate alloy with moderately high strength and both high fatigue resistance and fracture toughness for durability and damage tolerant applications. The alloy shows excellent short-transverse mechanical properties and stress-corrosion cracking resistance in plate thicknesses to 6 inches. Tensile properties show good isotropy with only slightly lower strength in the in-plane 45° orientation, similar to the differences in in-plane properties usually found in Li-free high strength aluminum alloys.

The -T87 condition is obtained after solution heat treating, quenching, stress-relief by stretching, and artificial aging to peak strength. Little, or no, reduction in fracture toughness is found after elevated temperature exposure.

This alloy is not designed to be welded. Use of mechanical fasteners only is recommended.

This alloy has shown a sensitivity to cold-hole expansion for improved fatigue resistance when fastener holes, whose axes were perpendicular to the short transverse direction, were processed. Care should be taken to ensure that all of the processing parameters have been evaluated prior to the application of cold expansion to prevent cracking in the material.

Material specifications for 2297 are shown in Table 3.2.9.0(a). Room temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.9.0(b). Fracture toughness properties are shown in Table 3.1.2.1.6. Cyclic stress-strain and strain-life curves are shown in Figure 3.2.9.0.6. Fatigue crack propagation data are shown in a subsequent figure (Figure 3.2.9.0.9) outside the page range digitized here.

Table 3.2.9.0(a). Material Specifications for 2297-T87 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4330	Plate

Table 3.2.9.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2297-T87 Aluminum Alloy Plate
Specification	AMS 4330
Form	Plate
Temper	T87
Thickness, in.	3.001-4.000	4.001-5.000		5.001-6.000
Basis	S	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	62	61	62	60^a	62
LT	62	61^b	64	60^a	64
ST	59	58^b	61	57^a	61
45°	60	59	63	59	63
F_ty, ksi:
L	57	56^b	58	55^a	58
LT	57	56	57	55^a	57
ST	54	52	54	52	54
45°	54	54	55	53	56
F_cy, ksi:
L	···	···	···	···	···
LT	···	···	···	···	···
ST	···	···	···	···	···
F_su, ksi
S-L^c	30	31	33	32	34
T-S^c	38	37	39	36	39
F_bru^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	98	97	102	95	102
(e/D = 2.0)	128	126	132	123	132
F_bry^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	85	84	85	82	85
(e/D = 2.0)	99	98	99	96	99
e, percent (S-basis):
L	5	5	···	5	···
LT	4	4	···	4	···
ST	1.5	1.5	···	1.5	···
E, 10³ ksi	11.3
E_c, 10³ ksi	···
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	···
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.096
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	···
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	···
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	···
^a S-basis. The rounded T₉₉ values are as follows; F_tu(L) = 61, F_tu(LT) = 62, F_tu(ST) = 59, F_ty(L) = 57, F_ty(LT) = 56.
^b S-basis. The rounded T₉₉ values are as follows; F_tu(LT) = 62 ksi, F_tu(ST) = 59 ksi, F_ty(L) = 57 ksi.
^c Standard letter designations for shear properties per ASTM B769: 1st letter refers to grain direction, 2nd letter refers to loading direction.
^d Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Figure 3.2.9.0.6 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.9.0.6. Strain-life and cyclic stress-strain curves for 2297-T87, 4 inch plate.

3.2.102424 Alloy

3.2.10.0Comments and Properties

2424 is a heat-treatable Al-Cu alloy which provides better ductility than 2024. 2424 is available in the form of bare and clad sheet.

Material specifications for 2424 are presented in Table 3.2.10.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical properties are presented in Tables 3.2.10.0(b1) and 3.2.10.0(b2).

Table 3.2.10.0(a). Material Specifications for 2424 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4270 (Clad)	Sheet
AMS 4273 (Bare)	Sheet

Table 3.2.10.0(b₁). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Bare 2424-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Specification	AMS 4273
Form	Sheet
Temper	T3
Thickness, in.	0.020 - 0.128
Basis	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	65	66
LT	63	65
F_ty, ksi:
L	49	51
LT	42^a	45
F_cy, ksi:
L	42	45
LT	46	49
F_su^b, ksi	41	43
F_bru^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	97	100
(e/D = 2.0)	129	133
F_bry^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	62	66
(e/D = 2.0)	78	83
e, percent (S-basis):
L	···	···
LT	15	···
E, 10³ ksi:
L	9.8
LT	10.3
E_c, 10³ ksi:
L	10.0
LT	10.5
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.34
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	···
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	···
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	···
^a S-basis. The T₉₉ value is 44 ksi.
^b Determined in accordance with ASTM B769.
^c Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

Table 3.2.10.0(b₂). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Clad 2424-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Specification	AMS 4270
Form	Sheet
Temper	T3
Thickness, in.	0.063 - 0.128
Basis	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	64	65
LT	61	64
F_ty, ksi:
L	46	49
LT	40^a	44
F_cy, ksi:
L	40	44
LT	43	47
F_su^b, ksi	41	43
F_bru^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	94	98
(e/D = 2.0)	121	126
F_bry^c, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	60	66
(e/D = 2.0)	70	77
e, percent (S-basis):
L	···	···
LT	15	···
E, 10³ ksi:
L	9.8
LT	10.3
E_c, 10³ ksi:
L	10
LT	10.5
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.34
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	···
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	···
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	···
^a S-basis. The T₉₉ value is 43 ksi.
^b Determined in accordance with ASTM B769.
^c Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1.

The temper index for 2424 is as follows:

Temper Index for 2424 Aluminum Alloy
Section	Temper
3.2.10.1	T3

3.2.112519 Alloy

3.2.11.0Comments and Properties

2519 is an Al-Cu weldable alloy available in plate. This armor plate has equivalent ballistic protection characteristics compared to 7039 and superior stress-corrosion cracking resistance compared to 5083. See Section 3.1.2.3 for comments regarding resistance of the alloy to stress-corrosion cracking. The general corrosion characteristics of 2519 are similar to 2219. 2519 in the T87 temper has approximately 20 percent higher yield strength than 2219-T87 plate. 2519-T87 is easily welded with filler alloy 2319. Yield strengths of welded butt joints are higher than other commercially available alloys. 2519 can be post weld aged or post weld heat treated and aged to obtain improved mechanical properties compared to "as welded" condition. See Section 3.1.3.4 for further information regarding the weldability of the alloy.

A material specification of 2519 is presented in Table 3.2.11.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.11.0(b).

Table 3.2.11.0(a). Material Specification for 2519 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
MIL-DTL-46192	Plate

Table 3.2.11.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2519 Aluminum Alloy Plate
Specification	MIL-DTL-46192
Form	Plate
Temper	T87
Thickness or Diameter, in.	0.250-1.000	1.001-2.000	2.001-3.000	3.001-4.000
Basis	S	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	66	66	67	68
LT	68	68	68	68
ST	···	···	63	62
F_ty, ksi:
L	59	59	60	61
LT	58	58	59	59
ST	···	···	55	55
F_cy, ksi:
L	57	57	58	58
LT	60	60	61	61
ST	···	···	58	58
F_su, ksi	42	41	41	40
F_bru^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	105	105	104	103
(e/D = 2.0)	135	134	133	131
F_bry^a, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	85	85	87	87
(e/D = 2.0)	99	99	100	100
e, percent:
L	10	9	8	7
LT	7	7	6	5
E, 10³ ksi	10.5
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.8
G, 10³ ksi	4.0
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.102
C, K, and α	···
^a See Table 3.1.2.1.1. Bearing values are “dry pin” per Section 1.4.7.1.

The temper index for 2519 is as follows:

Temper Index for 2519 Aluminum Alloy
Section	Temper
3.2.11.1	T87

3.2.11.1T87 Temper

Typical room-temperature tensile and compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves are presented in Figures 3.2.11.1.6(a) and (b).

Figure 3.2.11.1.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.11.1.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 2519-T87 aluminum alloy plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.11.1.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.11.1.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for 2519-T87 plate at room temperature.

3.2.122524 Alloy

3.2.12.0Comments and Properties

2524 is a heat-treatable Al-Cu alloy offering high toughness and improved resistance to fatigue crack growth relative to other available 2XXX sheet and plate materials. Sheet and plate is available in the T3 temper. Fatigue crack growth improvements are guaranteed through the material specification for Alclad 2524-T3 sheet and plate products. The static mechanical properties and general corrosion performance of Alclad 2524-T3 are similar to those of Alclad 2024-T3. This product has typically been used for formed structural aircraft parts requiring improved resistance to fatigue crack growth and high toughness with strength similar to Alclad 2024-T3, but usage is not limited to such applications.

A material specification for Alclad 2524-T3 sheet and plate is presented in Table 3.2.12.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical properties are shown in Table 3.2.12.0(b).

Table 3.2.12.0(a). Material Specifications for Alclad 2524-T3
Specification	Form
AMS 4296	Clad sheet and plate

Table 3.2.12.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of Alclad 2524-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate
Specification	AMS 4296
Form	Sheet and Plate
Condition	T3
Thickness, in.	0.032-	0.063-0.128		0.129-0.249		0.250-0.310
Basis	S	A	B	A	B	A	B
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	59	61	62	62	62	62	63
LT	59	61^a	62	62	62	62	63
F_ty, ksi:
L	44	45	47	45	46	45	46
LT	39	40^b	42	40	41	40	41
F_cy, ksi:
L	38	39	41	39	40	39	40
LT	42	43	45	43	44	43	44
F_su^c, ksi	40	41	42	42	42	42	43
F_bru^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	93	97	98	98	98	98	100
(e/D = 2.0)	117	121	123	123	123	123	125
F_bry^d, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	65	67	70	67	69	67	69
(e/D = 2.0)	76	78	82	78	80	78	80
e, percent (S-basis):
LT	15	15	···	15	···	15	···
E, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.3
Secondary	9.8
E_c, 10³ ksi:
Primary	10.5
Secondary	10.0
G, 10³ ksi	···
μ	0.35
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, K, and α	not available
^a S-basis value. The T₉₉ value is 62 ksi.
^b S-basis value. The T₉₉ value is 41 ksi.
^c Determined in accordance with ASTM B 831-93.
^d Bearing values are “dry pin” values per Section 1.4.7.1. See Table 3.1.2.1.1.

The temper index for 2524 is as follows:

Temper Index for 2524 Aluminum Alloy
Section	Temper
3.2.12.1	T3

3.2.12.1T3 Temper

Typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves for Alclad 2524-T3 sheet and plate are presented in Figures 3.2.12.1.6(a) through (c).

Figure 3.2.12.1.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.12.1.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 2524-T3 clad aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.12.1.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.12.1.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and tangent modulus curves for 2524-T3 clad aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.12.1.6(c) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.12.1.6(c). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 2524-T3 clad aluminum alloy sheet and plate at room temperature.

3.2.132618 Alloy

3.2.13.0Comments and Properties

2618 is an Al-Cu alloy which is available as hand and die forgings. It has excellent properties over a range of temperatures from –452 to 600°F and is usually used in applications where high strength and creep resistance are important considerations. Refer to Section 3.1.3.4 for comments regarding the weldability of the alloy. Refer to Section 3.1.2.3.1 for information regarding resistance of the alloy to stress-corrosion cracking.

Material specifications for 2618 aluminum alloy are presented in Table 3.2.13.0(a). Room-temperature mechanical and physical properties are shown in Table 3.2.13.0(b) and (c). The effect of temperature on the thermal expansion is shown in Figure 3.2.13.0.

Table 3.2.13.0(a). Material Specifications for 2618 Aluminum Alloy
Specification	Form
AMS 4132	Die and hand forgings
AMS-QQ-A-367	Forgings
AMS-A-22771	Die forging

The temper index for 2618 is as follows: Section 3.2.13.1 covers the T61 temper.

Table 3.2.13.0(b). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy Die Forging
Specification	AMS-A-22771 and AMS-QQ-A-367
Form	Die forging
Temper	T61
Thickness, in.	≤4.000^a
Basis	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	58
T^b	55
F_ty, ksi:
L	45
T^b	42
F_cy, ksi:
L	···
T^b	···
F_su, ksi	···
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···
e, percent:
L	4
T^b	4
E, 10³ ksi	10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.1
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	0.23 (at 212°F)
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft³)(°F)/ft]	90 (at 77°F)
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	See Figure 3.2.13.0
^a Thickness at the time of heat treatment. When die forgings are machined before heat treatment, the mechanical properties are applicable provided the as-forged thickness is not greater than twice the thickness at the time of heat treatment.
^b T indicates any grain direction not within ±15° of being parallel to the forging flow lines.

Table 3.2.13.0(c). Design Mechanical and Physical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy Hand Forging
Specification	AMS 4132, AMS-A-22771, and AMS-QQ-A-367
Form	Hand forging
Temper	T61
Cross-Sectional Area, in.²	≤144
Thickness,^a in.	<2.000	2.000-3.000	3.001-4.000
Basis	S	S	S
Mechanical Properties:
F_tu, ksi:
L	58	57	56
LT	55	55	53
ST	···	52	51
F_ty, ksi:
L	47	46	45
LT	42	42	40
ST	···	42	39
F_cy, ksi:
L	···	···	44
LT	···	···	42
ST	···	···	40
F_su, ksi	···	···	33
F_bru, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···	···	106
F_bry, ksi:
(e/D = 1.5)	···	···	···
(e/D = 2.0)	···	···	71
e, percent:
L	7	7	7
LT	5	5	5
ST	···	4	4
E, 10³ ksi	10.7
E_c, 10³ ksi	10.9
G, 10³ ksi	4.1
μ	0.33
Physical Properties:
ω, lb/in.³	0.100
C, Btu/(lb)(°F)	0.23 (at 212°F)
K, Btu/[(hr)(ft²)(°F)/ft]	90 (at 77°F)
α, 10^-6 in./in./°F	See Figure 3.2.13.0
^a When hand forgings are machined before heat treatment, the section thickness at time of heat treatment will determine the minimum mechanical properties as long as the original (as-forged) thickness does not exceed the maximum thickness for the alloy as shown in the table.

Figure 3.2.13.0 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.0. Effect of temperature on the thermal expansion of 2618 aluminum alloy.

3.2.13.1T61 Temper

Figures 3.2.13.1.1(a) through 3.2.13.1.5 present effect-of-temperature curves for various mechanical properties. Figure 3.2.13.1.6(a) presents tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent-modulus curves at room temperature. Figure 3.2.13.1.6(b) is a full-range, tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(a). Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (F_tu) of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (F_ty) of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(c) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(c). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on room-temperature tensile yield strength (F_ty) of 2618-T61 hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(d) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.1(d). Effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on room-temperature tensile ultimate strength (F_tu) of 2618-T61 hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.2 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.2. Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (F_cy) and ultimate shear strength (F_su) of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.3 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.3. Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (F_bru) and bearing yield strength (F_bry) of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.4 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and E_c) of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.5 Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.5. Effect of temperature on the elongation (e) of 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand forging.

Figure 3.2.13.1.6(a) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.6(a). Typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent-modulus curves for 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar at room temperature.

Figure 3.2.13.1.6(b) Pending digitization via WebPlotDigitizer.

Figure 3.2.13.1.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) at room temperature for 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar.

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